Amputations: Difference between revisions
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== Causes of amputations == | == Causes of amputations == | ||
* [[Diabetes mellitus]] | *[[Diabetes mellitus]] | ||
* Chronic leg ulcer leading to [[ | *Chronic leg ulcer leading to [[Septicaemia]] | ||
* Phocomelia (congenital absence of the upper arm or leg) | *Phocomelia (congenital absence of the upper arm or leg) | ||
* Malignant tumours e.g. sarcoma (cancer of the connective tissue) | *Malignant tumours e.g. sarcoma (cancer of the connective tissue) | ||
* Arterial insufficiency leading to death or decay of body tissue (gangrene) | *Arterial insufficiency leading to death or decay of body tissue (gangrene) | ||
== Levels of amputations == | == Levels of amputations == | ||
*Through or just above the ankle | |||
*Below the knee | |||
*Above the knee | |||
*Through the foot | |||
*Through the knee | |||
*The whole leg or disarticulate leg | |||
*Removal of the buttock | |||
== Signs and symptoms of gangrene == | |||
*The tissue is cold and blue ([[Cyanosis]]) | |||
*Pain | |||
*Intermittent claudication (a cramping pain, induced by exercise and relieved by rest, caused by an inadequate supply of blood to the affected muscles) | |||
*Clamp-like pain because of a spasm in the arteries of the leg | |||
*Intense ischaemic pain | |||
*Increased prevalence in smokers because nicotine causes spasms of blood vessels | |||
*Most often found in muscles of the leg and calf as a result of atheroma of the arteries | |||
*Leg pulses are often absent | |||
== Location of pulses == | |||
*Foot pulse ([[Medial malleolus]] or dorsum of the foot) | |||
* | *Popliteal (behind the knee) | ||
* | *Femoral (within the femoral triangle) | ||
*If a leg has been amputated because of gangrene, the remaining leg is examined for a pulse | |||
* | |||
* | |||
== | == Special investigations == | ||
* | *X-rays | ||
* | *CT scan | ||
* | *Angiogram (outlines blood vessels) | ||
*Doppler ultrasound (occlusion of vessels) | |||
*Venogram and arteriogram | |||
*Radioactive dye injected into the blood | |||
== | == Arterial insufficiency == | ||
*Surgery to improve circulation | |||
*Bypass grafts (autogenous graft uses a vein to bypass the obstructed area) | |||
*Synthetic grafts | |||
== Management == | |||
=== | === Buerger’s exercises === | ||
*Stimulates collateral blood flow in the patient’s leg | |||
*It is performed for 20 min. | |||
*The leg is elevated until the toes go white, then lowered, then level | |||
*Repeat 2-3 times to improve collateral circulation | |||
=== | === Connective tissue massage === | ||
=== Dynamic stump exercises === | |||
=== | === Balance and gait retraining === | ||
*Improve [[Balance|static]] and [[Balance|dynamic]] balance | |||
*Use [[Parallel bars]], [[Zimmer frame|walking frame]] then [[Crutches]] (in that order) | |||
*Therapist stands on the amp side, using a belt around the patient’s waist to support | |||
*Rest if the patient feels tired | |||
=== Short wave diathermy (SWD) === | |||
Through the pelvis to warm the arteries (contraindicated in patients with arterial insufficiency because the warmth leads to increased metabolism, causing a greater demand for nutrients, which are not available) | |||
== Post-operative care == | |||
*Maintain function in the remaining leg and stump to maintain peripheral circulation | |||
*Maintain respiratory function (important with smokers and those patients under general anaesthesia) | |||
== Stump care == | |||
*For hygiene and skin care see handout on amputations | |||
*A hip flexion [[Contracture]] may develop because of elevation to reduce swelling | |||
*Stump bandaging is done to ‘cone’ the stump, thereby preventing oedema, which occurs because there is no muscle pump and the stump hangs | |||
*Swelling must be prevented to allow proper attachment of the [[Prosthesis]], and the prevention of [[Pressure sores]] | |||
*The stump sock is put on first, then the prosthesis | |||
*The prosthesis must be cleaned and maintained (Children who are still growing, grow out of their prostheses) | |||
[[Category:Amputees]] | == Types of wheelchairs == | ||
*For double lower limb amputations, the wheels are set further back | |||
[[Category:Amputees]][[Category:Open Physio]] |
Revision as of 11:19, 30 May 2011
Causes of amputations[edit | edit source]
- Diabetes mellitus
- Chronic leg ulcer leading to Septicaemia
- Phocomelia (congenital absence of the upper arm or leg)
- Malignant tumours e.g. sarcoma (cancer of the connective tissue)
- Arterial insufficiency leading to death or decay of body tissue (gangrene)
Levels of amputations[edit | edit source]
- Through or just above the ankle
- Below the knee
- Above the knee
- Through the foot
- Through the knee
- The whole leg or disarticulate leg
- Removal of the buttock
Signs and symptoms of gangrene[edit | edit source]
- The tissue is cold and blue (Cyanosis)
- Pain
- Intermittent claudication (a cramping pain, induced by exercise and relieved by rest, caused by an inadequate supply of blood to the affected muscles)
- Clamp-like pain because of a spasm in the arteries of the leg
- Intense ischaemic pain
- Increased prevalence in smokers because nicotine causes spasms of blood vessels
- Most often found in muscles of the leg and calf as a result of atheroma of the arteries
- Leg pulses are often absent
Location of pulses[edit | edit source]
- Foot pulse (Medial malleolus or dorsum of the foot)
- Popliteal (behind the knee)
- Femoral (within the femoral triangle)
- If a leg has been amputated because of gangrene, the remaining leg is examined for a pulse
Special investigations[edit | edit source]
- X-rays
- CT scan
- Angiogram (outlines blood vessels)
- Doppler ultrasound (occlusion of vessels)
- Venogram and arteriogram
- Radioactive dye injected into the blood
Arterial insufficiency[edit | edit source]
- Surgery to improve circulation
- Bypass grafts (autogenous graft uses a vein to bypass the obstructed area)
- Synthetic grafts
Management[edit | edit source]
Buerger’s exercises[edit | edit source]
- Stimulates collateral blood flow in the patient’s leg
- It is performed for 20 min.
- The leg is elevated until the toes go white, then lowered, then level
- Repeat 2-3 times to improve collateral circulation
Connective tissue massage[edit | edit source]
Dynamic stump exercises[edit | edit source]
Balance and gait retraining[edit | edit source]
- Improve static and dynamic balance
- Use Parallel bars, walking frame then Crutches (in that order)
- Therapist stands on the amp side, using a belt around the patient’s waist to support
- Rest if the patient feels tired
Short wave diathermy (SWD)[edit | edit source]
Through the pelvis to warm the arteries (contraindicated in patients with arterial insufficiency because the warmth leads to increased metabolism, causing a greater demand for nutrients, which are not available)
Post-operative care[edit | edit source]
- Maintain function in the remaining leg and stump to maintain peripheral circulation
- Maintain respiratory function (important with smokers and those patients under general anaesthesia)
Stump care[edit | edit source]
- For hygiene and skin care see handout on amputations
- A hip flexion Contracture may develop because of elevation to reduce swelling
- Stump bandaging is done to ‘cone’ the stump, thereby preventing oedema, which occurs because there is no muscle pump and the stump hangs
- Swelling must be prevented to allow proper attachment of the Prosthesis, and the prevention of Pressure sores
- The stump sock is put on first, then the prosthesis
- The prosthesis must be cleaned and maintained (Children who are still growing, grow out of their prostheses)
Types of wheelchairs[edit | edit source]
- For double lower limb amputations, the wheels are set further back