Effects of Performance Enhancing Drugs: Difference between revisions

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== ADHD Medications ==


== Alcohol  ==
== Introduction ==
[[File:Body Builder.jpg|right|frameless|512x512px]]
Numerous ergogenic aids that claim to enhance sports performance are used by amateur and professional athletes. Approximately 50 percent of the general population have reported taking some form of dietary supplements, while 76 to 100 percent of athletes in some sports are reported to use them.


Alcohol is a mind-altering drug that reduces thinking ability, distorts judgment, and acts as a depressant on the body. Research has suggested that alcohol leads to increased dopamine release in the human brain, bringing on feelings of relaxation and happiness.<ref>Boileau I, Assaad J, Pihl R, Benkelfat C, Leyton M, Diksic M, et al. Alcohol promotes dopamine release in the human nucleus accumbens. Synapse 2003;49:226-31. http://www.readcube.com/articles/10.1002%2Fsyn.10226?r3_referer=wol&amp;amp;amp;tracking_action=preview_click&amp;amp;amp;show_checkout=1&amp;amp;amp;purchase_site_license=LICENSE_DENIED_NO_CUSTOMER (accessed 15 Sep 2015).</ref>&nbsp;Although this drug is often used during recreation for the purpose of feeling good, it should not be used in combination with exercise because of the serious negative physiological effects that it has on the body.  
Performance- Enhancing Drugs (PEDs) are pharmacologic agents that athletes and nonathlete weightlifters use to enhance performance <ref>Pope Jr HG, Wood RI, Rogol A, Nyberg F, Bowers L, Bhasin S. Adverse health consequences of performance-enhancing drugs: an Endocrine Society scientific statement. Endocrine reviews. 2014 Jun 1;35(3):341-75.


One of the most easily observable effects of alcohol on the body is dehydration. When alcohol is consumed, anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) is inhibited, causing less water to be absorbed back into the nephrons in the kidneys when urine is cycling through. This causes urine levels to increase, in turn increasing the frequency of urination. With higher levels of water exiting the body, dehydration is likely to occur. This is especially a problem during exercise, when the body is expelling water in the form of sweat as well. It is important to be fully hydrated for a workout; therefore it is dangerous to consume alcohol before or during exercise. Research has suggested that beverages containing up to 4% alcohol can delay the recovery process from dehydration to rehydration. <ref>Shirreffs S, Maughan R. Restoration of fluid balance after exercise-induced dehydration: Effects of alcohol consumption. Journal of Applied Physiology 1997;83:1152-8. http://jap.physiology.org/content/83/4/1152 (accessed 15 Sep 2015).</ref>&nbsp;Alcohol not only leads to dehydration; it also prevents humans from reaching rehydration in a timely manner, which could be deadly in a situation regarding exercise.
</ref>  


Another important physiological effect that alcohol has on the body deals with blood pressure. Alcohol consumption increases blood and plasma volume, which in turn increases blood pressure. Exercise has a similar effect; the sympathetic immune system is stimulated, leading to vasoconstriction and ultimately increasing blood pressure. To practice safe exercise, it is important not to elevate blood pressure too high beforehand. Research has recommended that alcohol consumption be reduced in order to maintain healthy and safe blood pressure levels.<ref>Xin X, He J, Frontini M, Ogden L, Motsamai O, Whelton P. Effects of alcohol reduction on blood pressure: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Hypertension 2001; 38:1112-7. http://hyper.ahajournals.org/content/38/5/1112.long (accessed 15 Sep 2015).</ref> Likewise, it is unsafe to consume alcohol before or during exercise because blood pressure levels may rise to dangerous levels.  
Physicians can evaluate these products by examining four factors (method of action, available research, adverse effects, legality) that will help them counsel patients.  


Perhaps the most important physiological effect that alcohol has on the body is that which concerns the heart. Research has shown that intoxication by alcohol directly relates to impairment of cardiac contractility. Depending on how much alcohol was consumed, cardiac contractility was impaired at varying levels; a lighter intoxication lead to less impairment while a heavier intoxication lead to greater impairment.<ref>Kelbaek H, Gjørup T, Brynjolf I, Christensen N, Godtfredsen J. Acute effects of alcohol on left ventricular function in healthy subjects at rest and during upright exercise. The American Journal of Cardiology 1985;55:164-7. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0002914985903200 (accessed 15 Sep 2015).</ref>&nbsp;Exercise causes heart rate to increase, requiring a great deal of cardiac contractility. If the heart is impaired by because of alcohol intoxication, blood may not be pumped sufficiently throughout the body during exercise. Therefore, if a person plans on exercising, they should either drink lightly or not at all in an attempt to keep their heart working properly.
Common ergogenic aids include
* [[The influence of anabolic steroids on physiologic processes and exercise|Anabolic steroids]], which increase [[muscle]] mass. These illegal supplements are associated with a number of serious adverse effects, some irreversible. They represent one of the oldest classes of drugs of abuse and, accordingly, their effects have been most extensively investigated. When combined with exercise training, AASs increase muscle mass and strength and reduce fat <ref name=":0">La Gerche A, Brosnan MJ. Cardiovascular effects of performance-enhancing drugs. Circulation. 2017 Jan 3;135(1):89-99.</ref>  .
* [[Creatine and Exercise|Creatine]] modestly improves athletic performance and appears to be relatively safe.
* Dehydroepiandrosterone and androstenedione do not improve athletic performance but apparently have similar adverse effects as testosterone and are also banned by some sports organizations.
* [[Caffeine and Exercise|Caffeine]] has mild benefits and side effects and is banned above certain levels. Products that combine caffeine with other stimulants (e.g., ephedrine) have been linked to fatal events.
* [[Exercise and Protein Supplements|Protein and carbohydrate]] supplementation provides modest benefits with no major adverse effects<ref>Ahrendt DM. Ergogenic aids: counseling the athlete. American Family Physician. 2001 Mar 1;63(5):913.</ref>.
Below there are additional links to pages (see also those above) regarding the influence certain drugs and performance enhancers can have on an individual and the exercise process.<ref>Burke LM, Castell LM, Stear SJ. BJSM reviews: A–Z of supplements: dietary supplements, sports nutrition foods and ergogenic aids for health and performance Part 1.</ref>


== Anabolic Steroids  ==
== Side effects of PEDs ==


== Analgesic Medication ==
# Direct Effects: [[Hypertension]], Dyslidipemia, Myocyte Hypertrophy, Interstitial Fibrosis <ref name=":0" />
# Indirect Effects: Extreme cardiac remodelling, Exercise-Induded cardiac injuy, Interstitial fibrosis <ref name=":0" />


== Caffeine/Stimulants  ==
== Clinical Consequences ==


== Creatine  ==
* Increased risk of arrhythmias
* [[Heart Failure|Heart failure]]
* Sudden cardiac death


== Human Growth Hormone (HGH)  ==
== Additional Reads ==


== Marijuana  ==
* [[The influence of human growth hormone (HGH) on physiologic processes and exercise]]


== Methamphetamine  ==
*[[The influence of anabolic steroids on physiologic processes and exercise]]
 
*[[The influence of alcohol on physiologic processes and exercise]]
== Muscle Relaxants  ==
*[[Methamphetamine and Exercise|The influence of methampetamine on physiologic processes and exercise]]
 
*[[The Influence of NSAIDs on Physiologic Processes and Exercise]]
== Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)  ==
*[[Smoking and Exercise|The influence of smoking on physiologic processes and exercise]]
 
*[[Analgesic Medication and Exercise|The influence of analgesic medication on physiologic processes and exercise]]
== Smoking ==
*[[The influence of marijuana on physiologic processes and exercise]]
 
*[[The influence of ADHD medication on physiologic processes and exercise]]
==  ==
*[[The influence of muscle relaxers on physiologic processes and exercise]]
 
== Recent Related Research (from [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ Pubmed])  ==
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== References  ==
 
References will automatically be added here, see [[Adding References|adding references tutorial]].


== References ==
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[[Category:Exercise Therapy]]
[[Category:Sports Medicine]]
[[Category:Physiology]]

Latest revision as of 21:24, 19 February 2023

Original Editor - Josh Williams, Ashley Pittser Lance Ramos Kayla Woods Kyle Culver Jeffrey Jackson Chelsea Miller Alan Tran Madison Kirk Marilyn Kozlowski Eugene DeLoach William Warmka Maddisen Coleman Paul Spann Alyxandria Davis James Williams Hailee Wiese Yen-Oanh Vo Allee Tatum Landon Andrews Kelly Fossard Emily North as part of the University of Oklahoma Exercise Science Project
Top Contributors - Emily North, Chelsea Miller, Kim Jackson, Ashley Pittser, Yen-Oanh Vo, Lance Ramos, Maddisen Coleman, Josh Williams, Eugene DeLoach, Lucinda hampton, Hailee Wiese, Jeffrey Jackson, Kayla Woods, William Warmka, Kirenga Bamurange Liliane, Madison Kirk, Alyxandria Davis, Kelly Fossard, Alan Tran, Kyle Culver, Paul Spann, Marilyn Kozlowski, 127.0.0.1, Allee Tatum, Landon Andrews, Rucha Gadgil, Oyemi Sillo, James Williams and Kayla Garrett


Introduction[edit | edit source]

Body Builder.jpg

Numerous ergogenic aids that claim to enhance sports performance are used by amateur and professional athletes. Approximately 50 percent of the general population have reported taking some form of dietary supplements, while 76 to 100 percent of athletes in some sports are reported to use them.

Performance- Enhancing Drugs (PEDs) are pharmacologic agents that athletes and nonathlete weightlifters use to enhance performance [1]

Physicians can evaluate these products by examining four factors (method of action, available research, adverse effects, legality) that will help them counsel patients.

Common ergogenic aids include

  • Anabolic steroids, which increase muscle mass. These illegal supplements are associated with a number of serious adverse effects, some irreversible. They represent one of the oldest classes of drugs of abuse and, accordingly, their effects have been most extensively investigated. When combined with exercise training, AASs increase muscle mass and strength and reduce fat [2] .
  • Creatine modestly improves athletic performance and appears to be relatively safe.
  • Dehydroepiandrosterone and androstenedione do not improve athletic performance but apparently have similar adverse effects as testosterone and are also banned by some sports organizations.
  • Caffeine has mild benefits and side effects and is banned above certain levels. Products that combine caffeine with other stimulants (e.g., ephedrine) have been linked to fatal events.
  • Protein and carbohydrate supplementation provides modest benefits with no major adverse effects[3].

Below there are additional links to pages (see also those above) regarding the influence certain drugs and performance enhancers can have on an individual and the exercise process.[4]

Side effects of PEDs[edit | edit source]

  1. Direct Effects: Hypertension, Dyslidipemia, Myocyte Hypertrophy, Interstitial Fibrosis [2]
  2. Indirect Effects: Extreme cardiac remodelling, Exercise-Induded cardiac injuy, Interstitial fibrosis [2]

Clinical Consequences[edit | edit source]

Additional Reads[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ Pope Jr HG, Wood RI, Rogol A, Nyberg F, Bowers L, Bhasin S. Adverse health consequences of performance-enhancing drugs: an Endocrine Society scientific statement. Endocrine reviews. 2014 Jun 1;35(3):341-75.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 La Gerche A, Brosnan MJ. Cardiovascular effects of performance-enhancing drugs. Circulation. 2017 Jan 3;135(1):89-99.
  3. ↑ Ahrendt DM. Ergogenic aids: counseling the athlete. American Family Physician. 2001 Mar 1;63(5):913.
  4. ↑ Burke LM, Castell LM, Stear SJ. BJSM reviews: A–Z of supplements: dietary supplements, sports nutrition foods and ergogenic aids for health and performance Part 1.
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