Rock Steady Boxing Therapy to treat the effects of Parkinson’s Disease; a case-study: Difference between revisions
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'''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{FULLPAGENAME}}}} | <div class="editorbox"> '''Original Editor '''- [[User:Ashley Bergman|Ashley Bergman]], [[User:Marissa Cadete|Marissa Cadete]], [[User:Ashley Jeon|Ashley Jeon]], [[User:Victoria Geropoulos|Victoria Geropoulos]] and [[User:Brianna Forunato|Brianna Forunato]] as part of the [[Queen's University Neuromotor Function Project]]<br> | ||
== | '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}</div> | ||
This case presentation is an older man with Parkinson’s Disease. The case study highlights the initial assessment, main problems encountered by the patient, the goals, the rehabilitation program and the outcome. | == Abstract == | ||
This '''fictional case presentation''' is based on an older man with Parkinson’s Disease. The case study highlights the initial assessment, main problems encountered by the patient, the goals, the rehabilitation program and the outcome. | |||
== | == Introduction == | ||
Parkinson’s disease | [[Parkinson's|Parkinson’s disease]] is one of the most common age-related neurodegenerative disorders, and is estimated to affect 1% of the population above the age of 60 years<ref name=":0">Tysnes O-B, Storstein A. Epidemiology of Parkinson’s disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2017;124(8):901–5.</ref>. Its prevalence is estimated to continue to increase with the rising demographic of older adults<ref>Epidemiology of Parkinson’s disease | British Columbia Medical Journal [Internet]. [cited 2019 May 7]. Available from: <nowiki>https://www.bcmj.org/articles/epidemiology-parkinson%E2%80%99s-disease</nowiki></ref>. The cause is unknown for most cases, with a genetic link being shown in only 5-10% of patients. The pathophysiology is not well understood, but the disease is known to stem from the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta portion of the [[Introduction to Neuroanatomy|basal ganglia]]<ref name=":1">Parkinson’s disease - Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice [Internet]. [cited 2019 May 7]. Available from: <nowiki>https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/147</nowiki></ref>. | ||
The cardinal signs of the disease are presence of tremor, rigidity, and bradykinesia, which has significant impact | The cardinal signs of the disease are presence of tremor, rigidity, and bradykinesia, which has a significant impact on the quality of life of patients<ref name=":0" />. Pharmacological interventions are generally intended to provide supplementary dopamine, with Carbidopa-levodopa being one of the most commonly prescribed medications<ref>Parkinson’s disease - Diagnosis and treatment - Mayo Clinic [Internet]. [cited 2019 May 7]. Available from: <nowiki>https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/parkinsons-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20376062</nowiki></ref>. Physical therapy is also widely used and intended to increase function; for gait and balance training; and stretching and strengthening exercises<ref name=":1" />. Physical therapy is also intended to promote self-management of the disease<ref>Treatment [Internet]. nhs.uk. 2017 [cited 2019 May 7]. Available from: <nowiki>https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/parkinsons-disease/treatment/</nowiki></ref>. | ||
Possible physical interventions for Parkinson’s include forced cycling and rock steady boxing. Forced cycling has been shown to improve aerobic fitness, bradykinesia, dexterity, and cadence, which has transferability for gait training. It also promotes shifting feedback motor control to a feedforward process to help with anticipatory movements. Rock Steady Boxing is another physical intervention that has been shown to improve agility, speed, muscular endurance, accuracy, balance, hand-eye coordination, footwork, and overall strength. | Possible physical interventions for Parkinson’s include forced cycling and rock steady boxing. Forced cycling has been shown to improve aerobic fitness, bradykinesia, dexterity, and cadence, which has transferability for gait training. It also promotes shifting feedback motor control to a feedforward process to help with anticipatory movements. Rock Steady Boxing is another physical intervention that has been shown to improve agility, speed, muscular endurance, accuracy, balance, hand-eye coordination, footwork, and overall strength. | ||
== | == Client Characteristics == | ||
Patient is a 72 year old community dwelling male presenting with middle/moderate severity Idiopathic [[Parkinson's | Patient is a 72 year old community-dwelling male presenting with middle/moderate severity Idiopathic [[Parkinson's]] (diagnosed approx. 5 years ago). Patient's primary language is English and patient is right-handed. Patient primarily sought help from physiotherapy because of his concerns surrounding balance and his fear of falling. Additionally, patient is concerned with completing certain ADL's, specifically groceries, eating and drinking due to tremors and bradykinesia. Patient has no additional co-morbidities. | ||
== | == Examination Findings == | ||
=== | === Subjective Assessment === | ||
The patient is a retired accountant that | ==== Social History ==== | ||
The patient is a retired accountant that currently resides with his partner in a single-storey house. He has no difficulty navigating the three steps outside his front door (using the railing), however, he has difficulty going up and down the 13 stairs to the basement in his house. He currently receives support with instrumental activities of daily living (grocery shopping) from his partner and his adult children that live nearby. His hobbies include playing bingo at a community centre, walking his dog, playing bocce ball in his backyard, and spending time with his family. The patient is able to ambulate 100 ft independently with a single point cane, and is independent for toileting and hygiene functions. At present, he does not feel confident to do grocery shopping and relies on the assistance of his partner. He also reports that he does not walk far distances due to his fear of falling; and that his difficulty with initiating movements and slower walking speed makes navigating crosswalks challenging. | |||
==== Medications ==== | |||
Patient has been taking [[Levodopa - Parkinson's|Carbidopa-levodopa]] (100/25mg) three times per day to assist with modulating his symptoms since his diagnosis 5 years ago. | |||
=== Objective Assessment === | |||
==== | ==== Physical Observation ==== | ||
' | Patient appears slightly anxious at the time of initial assessment. Patient presents with slight facial masking, and a stooped resting posture with a tilt to the right. Patient has bilateral resting tremors, in addition to intentional tremors. Both tremors exist predominantly in the left upper and lower extremities and are progressing to the right side. Upon sensation testing it was noted that the patient's somatosensation is intact, however, patient has a slight decrease in both taste and smell. | ||
Upon assessment of active range of motion, bradykinesia was noted during shoulder flexion, elbow extension, and hip and knee extension bilaterally. Patient was limited halfway through range into left elbow extension and axial rotation, and slightly limited into hip and knee extension bilaterally. During the assessment of ability to perform rapid alternating movements, patient exhibited a slow and irregular rhythm with finger tapping and finger to nose, as well as toe tapping. This presented bilaterally but was more severe on the left upper and lower extremities. Muscle strength was not assessed due to patient's bradykinesia and fatigue. Upon assessment of rigidity, patient displayed increased tone through range of passive elbow extension that was not velocity dependent. Upon assessment of postural instability, patient's ability to stand quietly was intact. In the Romberg and tandem stance, patient displays a slight sway. During gait assessment, patient ambulates with a stooped posture, decreased arm swing and step length, and an increase in festination and freezing of gait. | |||
Upon assessment of active range of motion, bradykinesia was noted during shoulder flexion, elbow extension and hip and knee extension bilaterally. Patient was limited halfway through range into left elbow extension and axial rotation, and slightly limited into hip and knee extension bilaterally. During assessment of ability to perform rapid alternating movements, patient exhibited a slow and irregular rhythm with finger tapping and finger to nose, as well as toe tapping. This presented bilaterally | |||
==== Outcome Measures ==== | |||
[https://img.medscape.com/fullsize/701/816/58977_UPDRS.pdf UPDRS] Score: 70/199 | [https://img.medscape.com/fullsize/701/816/58977_UPDRS.pdf UPDRS] Score: 70/199 | ||
* V: Modified Hoehn and Yahr - Stage 3: Mild to moderate bilateral disease; some postural instability; physically independent | * V: Modified Hoehn and Yahr - Stage 3: Mild to moderate bilateral disease; some postural instability; physically independent | ||
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[https://drayerpt.com/content/uploads/2015/10/Balance-Gait-Falls-ABC-Scale.pdf ABC] score: 65 / 100 | [https://drayerpt.com/content/uploads/2015/10/Balance-Gait-Falls-ABC-Scale.pdf ABC] score: 65 / 100 | ||
== | == Clinical Impression/ Hypothesis == | ||
=== Medical Diagnosis === | |||
Idiopathic Parkinson’s disease, Middle/Moderate’ stage (with unilateral onset, positive response to Levodopa). | Idiopathic Parkinson’s disease, Middle/Moderate’ stage (with unilateral onset, positive response to Levodopa). | ||
=== Physiotherapy Diagnosis === | |||
The patient presents with progression of Parkinson symptoms bilaterally demonstrated by the presence of tremors and rigidity bilaterally in both upper and lower extremities. A major change noticed during examination was impaired motor function and balance as evidenced by low [[Balance Evaluation Systems Test (BESTest)|mini-BEST]] and [[Timed Up and Go Test (TUG)|TUG]] scores. This decline is due to freezing of gait and intentional tremors<ref>Vervoort G, Bengevoord A, Strouwen C, Bekkers EMJ, Heremans E, Vandenberghe W, et al. Progression of postural control and gait deficits in Parkinson’s disease and freezing of gait: A longitudinal study. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders. 2016;28(Complete):73–9.</ref>. The presence of freezing of gait decreases the patient’s independence with functional mobility and puts him at an increased risk for falls<ref>Bloem BR, Hausdorff JM, Visser JE, Giladi N. Falls and freezing of gait in Parkinson’s disease: A review of two interconnected, episodic phenomena. Movement Disorders. 2004;19(8):871–84.</ref>, also indicated by an ABC score of less than 69%<ref>Mak MKY, Pang MYC. Balance confidence and functional mobility are independently associated with falls in people with Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol. 2009 May;256(5):742–9.</ref>. | |||
=== Problem List === | |||
* Patient experiences anxiety regarding the degenerative nature of his disease. | |||
* Patient is at high fall risk due to balance difficulties and postural instability. | |||
* Patient has difficulty ambulating long distances and navigating the community (esp. with grocery shopping) due to bradykinesia and festination associated with his gait. | |||
* Eating, drinking, and writing are challenging due to the intentional tremors experienced by the patient. | |||
* Patient experiences fatigue and difficulty manipulating more than 10 steps. | |||
== Intervention == | |||
=== Patient-Centred Treatment Goals === | |||
==== Short-term Goals (STG) ==== | |||
In one session, the patient will increase their knowledge about the condition and his ability to maintain functionality. Also, the patient will gather the necessary education to safely progress to safely using a rollator walker. Within the first 2-3 weeks, the patient will increase his ability to independently walk ~200 ft with a rollator walker, as well as improve anticipatory postural correction strategies (i.e. stepping strategy) in response to internal and external perturbations. | In one session, the patient will increase their knowledge about the condition and his ability to maintain functionality. Also, the patient will gather the necessary education to safely progress to safely using a rollator walker. Within the first 2-3 weeks, the patient will increase his ability to independently walk ~200 ft with a rollator walker, as well as improve anticipatory postural correction strategies (i.e. stepping strategy) in response to internal and external perturbations. | ||
==== Long- term Goals (LTG) ==== | |||
Patient will be able to independently ambulate a minimum of ~400 ft with a rollator walker (to navigate a grocery store) in 4 weeks. Patient will increase self- reported confidence on the ABC to a score of ~ 76 in 4-6 weeks as MDC is 11 points<ref name=":2">Dal Bello-Haas V, Klassen L, Sheppard MS, Metcalfe A. Psychometric Properties of Activity, Self-Efficacy, and Quality-of-Life Measures in Individuals with Parkinson Disease. Physiother Can. 2011;63(1):47–57.</ref> to ensure that patient can be compliant with their exercises outside of treatment. Patient's TUG score will decrease by ~ 13seconds<ref name=":2" /> (4) in ~4-6 weeks to ensure safety in the community. Patient will be able to respond appropriately to perturbations via anticipatory stepping strategies during functional tasks (ie bocce ball) in 4-6 weeks. | Patient will be able to independently ambulate a minimum of ~400 ft with a rollator walker (to navigate a grocery store) in 4 weeks. Patient will increase self- reported confidence on the ABC to a score of ~ 76 in 4-6 weeks as MDC is 11 points<ref name=":2">Dal Bello-Haas V, Klassen L, Sheppard MS, Metcalfe A. Psychometric Properties of Activity, Self-Efficacy, and Quality-of-Life Measures in Individuals with Parkinson Disease. Physiother Can. 2011;63(1):47–57.</ref> to ensure that patient can be compliant with their exercises outside of treatment. Patient's TUG score will decrease by ~ 13seconds<ref name=":2" /> (4) in ~4-6 weeks to ensure safety in the community. Patient will be able to respond appropriately to perturbations via anticipatory stepping strategies during functional tasks (ie bocce ball) in 4-6 weeks. | ||
=== | === Management Program === | ||
Rock steady boxing is typically a 75-90 minute boxing class that includes warm up, work out, core workout, and cool down portions of the session. Overall, these boxing sessions aim to emphasize: optimal agility, speed, muscular endurance, accuracy, balance, hand-eye coordination, footwork and overall strength. | ==== Rock Steady Boxing aka RSB ==== | ||
[https://www.rocksteadyboxing.org/ Rock steady boxing] is typically a 75-90 minute boxing class that includes warm up, work out, core workout, and cool down portions of the session. Overall, these boxing sessions aim to emphasize: optimal agility, speed, muscular endurance, accuracy, balance, hand-eye coordination, footwork and overall strength. | |||
It has been found that RSB has positively influenced | It has been found that RSB has positively influenced patients with Parkinson's through ADLs (balancing, picking up objects, walking longer distances, transfers) becoming quicker and more precise through the progression of training. Additionally to changes in Parkinson's symptoms becoming more manageable, patients participating in RSB benefitted from an improved sense of self by thinking of themselves as a boxer rather than a victim of PD<ref>Seibert P, Calzacorta C, Jones E, Johnson C. Non-contact boxing as a mechanism for treating Parkinson’s disease symptomatology. Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 2017 Oct 15;381:732.</ref>. | ||
It has been shown that RSB resulted in improvements in spatiotemporal gait parameters (increased gait velocity and cadence, increased single leg support, increased stride length, improved step length ratios) in protocol with emphasis on footwork skills<ref>Combs S, Diehl D, Staples W, Davis K, Schaneman K, Conn L, et al. P1.075 Effects of non-contact boxing training on spatiotemporal gait parameters in persons with Parkinson’s disease: a case series. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders. 2009 Dec 1;15:S48.</ref>. | It has been shown that RSB resulted in improvements in spatiotemporal gait parameters (increased gait velocity and cadence, increased single leg support, increased stride length, improved step length ratios) in protocol with emphasis on footwork skills<ref>Combs S, Diehl D, Staples W, Davis K, Schaneman K, Conn L, et al. P1.075 Effects of non-contact boxing training on spatiotemporal gait parameters in persons with Parkinson’s disease: a case series. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders. 2009 Dec 1;15:S48.</ref>. | ||
One study that implemented a RSB protocol for patients with Parkinson's | One study that implemented a RSB protocol for patients with Parkinson's demonstrated a decrease in UPDRS scoring, improvements in TUG, 10- minute walk test, and Berg Balance Scale<ref>Larson D, Bega D, Johnson E, Slowey L. Effects of Rock Steady Boxing on Activities of Daily Living and Motor Symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease (P5.075). Neurology. 2018 Apr 10;90(15 Supplement):P5.075.</ref>. | ||
Another study indicated improvements in PDQ-39 and QoL after performing RSB<ref name=":3">Hoime K, Klein R, Maciejewski J, Nienhuis M. Impact of a Community-Based Rock Steady Boxing Program for People with Parkinson’s Disease: A Pilot Study. Physical Therapy Scholarly Projects [Internet]. 2018 Jan 1; Available from: <nowiki>https://commons.und.edu/pt-grad/650</nowiki></ref>. | Another study indicated improvements in PDQ-39 and QoL after performing RSB<ref name=":3">Hoime K, Klein R, Maciejewski J, Nienhuis M. Impact of a Community-Based Rock Steady Boxing Program for People with Parkinson’s Disease: A Pilot Study. Physical Therapy Scholarly Projects [Internet]. 2018 Jan 1; Available from: <nowiki>https://commons.und.edu/pt-grad/650</nowiki></ref>. | ||
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{{#ev:youtube|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xnFw2SKjcHU}} | {{#ev:youtube|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xnFw2SKjcHU}} | ||
==== Independent Treatment Sessions ==== | |||
Independent treatment sessions will emphasize working on temporospatial qualities of gait. | Independent treatment sessions will emphasize working on temporospatial qualities of gait. | ||
This will be addressed via external/ environmental cueing such as auditory rhythmic cueing. Although this method has been shown to be effective in improving walking speed, there is questionable functional relevance<ref>Lim I, Wegen E van, de Goede C, Deutekom M, Nieuwboer A, Willems A, et al. Effects of external rhythmical cueing on gait in patients with Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review. Clinical Rehabilitation; London. 2005 Oct;19(7):695–713.</ref>. Internal and mental cueing to help with gait (including counting, rocking | This will be addressed via external/ environmental cueing such as auditory rhythmic cueing. Although this method has been shown to be effective in improving walking speed, there is questionable functional relevance<ref>Lim I, Wegen E van, de Goede C, Deutekom M, Nieuwboer A, Willems A, et al. Effects of external rhythmical cueing on gait in patients with Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review. Clinical Rehabilitation; London. 2005 Oct;19(7):695–713.</ref>. Internal and mental cueing to help with gait (including counting, rocking backward and forwards before transferring)<ref>Nieuwboer A, Kwakkel G, Rochester L, Jones D, van Wegen E, Willems AM, et al. Cueing training in the home improves gait‐related mobility in Parkinson’s disease: the RESCUE trial. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2007 Feb;78(2):134–40.</ref> will be implemented throughout treatment sessions. | ||
Another focus of the treatment sessions will be on balance training. This is done via various exercises emphasizing internal and external perturbations to challenge the patient. | Another focus of the treatment sessions will be on balance training. This is done via various exercises emphasizing internal and external perturbations to challenge the patient. | ||
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Part of the treatment sessions will emphasize finding strategies to manage tremors, for example, holding onto something to prevent/ attenuate/ limit the tremor. | Part of the treatment sessions will emphasize finding strategies to manage tremors, for example, holding onto something to prevent/ attenuate/ limit the tremor. | ||
==== Forced Cycling Exercise Intervention ==== | |||
Sessions of forced cycling have been shown to improve aerobic fitness, improve bradykinesia, dexterity, cadence in participants with Parkinson's. The protocol of this intervention consisted of 1- hour sessions 3 times a week for 8 weeks. One study indicated that forced cycling protocols were able to shift motor control feedback to a feedforward process. Also, UPDRS motor scores improved by 35% when compared to voluntary exercise. Finally, this protocol showed gains in upper extremity functioning that was maintained 4 weeks after cessation of the exercise intervention<ref>Forced, Not Voluntary, Exercise Improves Motor Function in Parkinson’s Disease Patients - Angela L. Ridgel, Jerrold L. Vitek, Jay L. Alberts, 2009 [Internet]. [cited 2019 May 5]. Available from: <nowiki>https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1545968308328726</nowiki></ref>. | |||
Sessions of forced cycling have been shown to improve aerobic fitness, improve bradykinesia, dexterity, cadence in participants with Parkinson's | |||
== Outcome == | |||
Patient responded well to Rock Steady Boxing therapy as seen by improvements in balance. Patient's TUG score on reassessment is 13 seconds and has decreased by 5 seconds, which is a significant difference for this population<ref name=":2" />. Patient will continue to be monitored as he is still at risk for falls (cut-off for risk of falls is 13.5 seconds)<ref>Shumway-Cook A, Brauer S, Woollacott M. Predicting the Probability for Falls in Community-Dwelling Older Adults Using the Timed Up & Go Test. Phys Ther. 2000 Sep 1;80(9):896–903.</ref>. Activities surrounding internal and external perturbations assisted in increasing patients’ postural stability, overall translating to increased independence with more functional tasks (ie. bocce ball). However, according to the ABC Scale, he is below the normative data regarding confidence in his ability to maintain balance while completing activities<ref>Mak MKY, Pang MYC, Mok V. Gait Difficulty, Postural Instability, and Muscle Weakness Are Associated with Fear of Falling in People with Parkinson’s Disease. Parkinsons Dis [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2019 May 5];2012. Available from: <nowiki>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3189578/</nowiki></ref>, so this is an area that can be improved. Boxing therapy, as well as rhythmic cueing in the clinic and mental cueing in community, has helped improve his gait mechanics, specifically gait speed and cadence. Patient reports feeling more confident navigating in the community with the use of a rollator walker and is able to ambulate for longer distances. Bradykinesia has become less of an obstacle during ambulation and his endurance has increased, as seen by an increase in ambulation distance. This may be attributed to the use of cycling and boxing therapy. Patient is making excellent progress overall, as his UPDRS Score for Parts I, II, and III decreased by 9 points, which is a significant change, as the MCID for this population is 8 points<ref>Schrag A, Sampaio C, Counsell N, Poewe W. Minimal clinically important change on the unified Parkinson’s disease rating scale. Movement Disorders. 2006;21(8):1200–7.</ref>. In addition, patient reports feeling less anxious and feels that he is better able to manage his condition due to education and boxing therapy. | |||
Patient will be referred to a speech and language pathologist to address hypophonia, an occupational therapist to address difficulties with ADLs (eating/ drinking). Patient will be discharged upon completion of his therapy goals in regards to balance, as during reassessment his results in the Mini-Best test is improving, but is not yet a clinically meaningful change<ref>Leddy AL, Crowner BE, Earhart GM. Utility of the Mini-BESTest, BESTest, and BESTest sections for balance assessments in individuals with Parkinson disease. J Neurol Phys Ther. 2011 Jun;35(2):90–7.</ref>. Patient is encouraged to continue to participate in boxing therapy and incorporate cueing into his routine as this is showing significant improvements in regards to his balance and gait. | |||
=== Summary of Outcome Measures on Re-Assessment: === | |||
UPDRS Score (Part I, II, II): 61/199 | UPDRS Score (Part I, II, II): 61/199 | ||
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ABC score: 72/100 | ABC score: 72/100 | ||
== | == Discussion == | ||
Including Boxing therapy, as a part of the treatment program along with other mentioned interventions for this patient (male, diagnosed with middle/moderate stage of Parkinson's), has enabled further management of symptoms fostering further independence (E.g with ADL's such as eating/drinking/writing), self-confidence, self-management, increased gait speed, and balance. As shown with the outcome measures upon re-assessment, although results did not all reach statistically significant improvements, they did show improvement and provided an effect on his quality of life. | |||
= | Relating to the underlying case, there are no set standard criteria for diagnosing Parkinson’s disease and with an etiology hypothesized as both genetic and environmental, the diagnosis and treatment plan are shaped around the patient and clinical findings<ref name=":4">Rizek P, Kumar N, Jog MS. An update on the diagnosis and treatment of Parkinson disease. CMAJ. 2016 Nov 1;188(16):1157–65.</ref>. As a chronic disorder, often associated with co-morbidities, it can be profoundly frustrating for the patient as it can greatly impede on one’s quality of life<ref name=":4" />. Further, with rigidity, tremor, bradykinesia, and postural instability as the hallmark symptoms, this condition has great implications on one’s independence, mental status, functional mobility, and risk for falls<ref>Bloem BR, Hausdorff JM, Visser JE, Giladi N. Falls and freezing of gait in Parkinson’s disease: A review of two interconnected, episodic phenomena. Movement Disorders. 2004;19(8):871–84.</ref>. Thus, Parkinson's management must stem at the centre of an interdisciplinary team and is imperative that the patients get proper education on the trajectory of the condition and current evidence; there is no cure but it can be managed<ref>Parkinson’s Disease: Hope Through Research | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke [Internet]. [cited 2019 May 7]. Available from: <nowiki>https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/Patient-Caregiver-Education/Hope-Through-Research/Parkinsons-Disease-Hope-Through-Research</nowiki></ref>, in order to have good self-confidence and self-management on one's condition. As treatment goals vary for each person, individualized physiotherapy sessions, alongside prescribed medication, should target fostering further independence and quality of life, while maintaining their mental status, reduce tremor, rigidity, improve posture/balance/speech, and improve mobility and function at each stage of the disease <ref>Oliveira de Carvalho A, Filho ASS, Murillo-Rodriguez E, Rocha NB, Carta MG, Machado S. Physical Exercise For Parkinson’s Disease: Clinical And Experimental Evidence. Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health. 2018 Mar 30;14:89–98.</ref>. On the same note, along with the increasing evidence to support that exercise can cause possible short-term reversal and slowing the rate of disability in the long-run<ref>Morris ME, Martin CL, Schenkman ML. Striding Out With Parkinson Disease: Evidence-Based Physical Therapy for Gait Disorders. Phys Ther. 2010 Feb;90(2):280–8.</ref>, activities such as Boxing, one of many, must be explored as shown to have a positive effects on the management of this underlying condition<ref name=":3" />. | ||
== References == | ==References== | ||
<references /> | <references /> | ||
[[Category:Queen's University Neuromotor Function Project]] | [[Category:Queen's University Neuromotor Function Project]] | ||
[[Category:Neurological Conditions]] | [[Category:Neurological - Conditions]] | ||
[[Category:Parkinson's | [[Category:Parkinson's]] | ||
[[Category:Neurology]] | |||
[[Category:Conditions]] |
Latest revision as of 23:28, 24 January 2023
Top Contributors - Ashley Bergman, Marissa Cadete, Kim Jackson, Ashley Jeon, Brianna Fortunato, Victoria Geropoulos, Vince DePaul and Aminat Abolade
Abstract[edit | edit source]
This fictional case presentation is based on an older man with Parkinson’s Disease. The case study highlights the initial assessment, main problems encountered by the patient, the goals, the rehabilitation program and the outcome.
Introduction[edit | edit source]
Parkinson’s disease is one of the most common age-related neurodegenerative disorders, and is estimated to affect 1% of the population above the age of 60 years[1]. Its prevalence is estimated to continue to increase with the rising demographic of older adults[2]. The cause is unknown for most cases, with a genetic link being shown in only 5-10% of patients. The pathophysiology is not well understood, but the disease is known to stem from the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta portion of the basal ganglia[3].
The cardinal signs of the disease are presence of tremor, rigidity, and bradykinesia, which has a significant impact on the quality of life of patients[1]. Pharmacological interventions are generally intended to provide supplementary dopamine, with Carbidopa-levodopa being one of the most commonly prescribed medications[4]. Physical therapy is also widely used and intended to increase function; for gait and balance training; and stretching and strengthening exercises[3]. Physical therapy is also intended to promote self-management of the disease[5].
Possible physical interventions for Parkinson’s include forced cycling and rock steady boxing. Forced cycling has been shown to improve aerobic fitness, bradykinesia, dexterity, and cadence, which has transferability for gait training. It also promotes shifting feedback motor control to a feedforward process to help with anticipatory movements. Rock Steady Boxing is another physical intervention that has been shown to improve agility, speed, muscular endurance, accuracy, balance, hand-eye coordination, footwork, and overall strength.
Client Characteristics[edit | edit source]
Patient is a 72 year old community-dwelling male presenting with middle/moderate severity Idiopathic Parkinson's (diagnosed approx. 5 years ago). Patient's primary language is English and patient is right-handed. Patient primarily sought help from physiotherapy because of his concerns surrounding balance and his fear of falling. Additionally, patient is concerned with completing certain ADL's, specifically groceries, eating and drinking due to tremors and bradykinesia. Patient has no additional co-morbidities.
Examination Findings[edit | edit source]
Subjective Assessment[edit | edit source]
Social History[edit | edit source]
The patient is a retired accountant that currently resides with his partner in a single-storey house. He has no difficulty navigating the three steps outside his front door (using the railing), however, he has difficulty going up and down the 13 stairs to the basement in his house. He currently receives support with instrumental activities of daily living (grocery shopping) from his partner and his adult children that live nearby. His hobbies include playing bingo at a community centre, walking his dog, playing bocce ball in his backyard, and spending time with his family. The patient is able to ambulate 100 ft independently with a single point cane, and is independent for toileting and hygiene functions. At present, he does not feel confident to do grocery shopping and relies on the assistance of his partner. He also reports that he does not walk far distances due to his fear of falling; and that his difficulty with initiating movements and slower walking speed makes navigating crosswalks challenging.
Medications[edit | edit source]
Patient has been taking Carbidopa-levodopa (100/25mg) three times per day to assist with modulating his symptoms since his diagnosis 5 years ago.
Objective Assessment[edit | edit source]
Physical Observation[edit | edit source]
Patient appears slightly anxious at the time of initial assessment. Patient presents with slight facial masking, and a stooped resting posture with a tilt to the right. Patient has bilateral resting tremors, in addition to intentional tremors. Both tremors exist predominantly in the left upper and lower extremities and are progressing to the right side. Upon sensation testing it was noted that the patient's somatosensation is intact, however, patient has a slight decrease in both taste and smell.
Upon assessment of active range of motion, bradykinesia was noted during shoulder flexion, elbow extension, and hip and knee extension bilaterally. Patient was limited halfway through range into left elbow extension and axial rotation, and slightly limited into hip and knee extension bilaterally. During the assessment of ability to perform rapid alternating movements, patient exhibited a slow and irregular rhythm with finger tapping and finger to nose, as well as toe tapping. This presented bilaterally but was more severe on the left upper and lower extremities. Muscle strength was not assessed due to patient's bradykinesia and fatigue. Upon assessment of rigidity, patient displayed increased tone through range of passive elbow extension that was not velocity dependent. Upon assessment of postural instability, patient's ability to stand quietly was intact. In the Romberg and tandem stance, patient displays a slight sway. During gait assessment, patient ambulates with a stooped posture, decreased arm swing and step length, and an increase in festination and freezing of gait.
Outcome Measures[edit | edit source]
UPDRS Score: 70/199
- V: Modified Hoehn and Yahr - Stage 3: Mild to moderate bilateral disease; some postural instability; physically independent
- VI: Schwab and England Activities of Daily Living Scale: 60%. Some dependency. Can do most chores, but exceedingly slowly and with much effort.
Timed Up and Go Test (TUG): 18 seconds, at risk of falling
Mini-Best: 19/28
Montreal Cognitive Assessment (cognitive exam): 23/30
PDQ-39 Summary Index: 35
ABC score: 65 / 100
Clinical Impression/ Hypothesis[edit | edit source]
Medical Diagnosis[edit | edit source]
Idiopathic Parkinson’s disease, Middle/Moderate’ stage (with unilateral onset, positive response to Levodopa).
Physiotherapy Diagnosis[edit | edit source]
The patient presents with progression of Parkinson symptoms bilaterally demonstrated by the presence of tremors and rigidity bilaterally in both upper and lower extremities. A major change noticed during examination was impaired motor function and balance as evidenced by low mini-BEST and TUG scores. This decline is due to freezing of gait and intentional tremors[6]. The presence of freezing of gait decreases the patient’s independence with functional mobility and puts him at an increased risk for falls[7], also indicated by an ABC score of less than 69%[8].
Problem List[edit | edit source]
- Patient experiences anxiety regarding the degenerative nature of his disease.
- Patient is at high fall risk due to balance difficulties and postural instability.
- Patient has difficulty ambulating long distances and navigating the community (esp. with grocery shopping) due to bradykinesia and festination associated with his gait.
- Eating, drinking, and writing are challenging due to the intentional tremors experienced by the patient.
- Patient experiences fatigue and difficulty manipulating more than 10 steps.
Intervention[edit | edit source]
Patient-Centred Treatment Goals[edit | edit source]
Short-term Goals (STG)[edit | edit source]
In one session, the patient will increase their knowledge about the condition and his ability to maintain functionality. Also, the patient will gather the necessary education to safely progress to safely using a rollator walker. Within the first 2-3 weeks, the patient will increase his ability to independently walk ~200 ft with a rollator walker, as well as improve anticipatory postural correction strategies (i.e. stepping strategy) in response to internal and external perturbations.
Long- term Goals (LTG)[edit | edit source]
Patient will be able to independently ambulate a minimum of ~400 ft with a rollator walker (to navigate a grocery store) in 4 weeks. Patient will increase self- reported confidence on the ABC to a score of ~ 76 in 4-6 weeks as MDC is 11 points[9] to ensure that patient can be compliant with their exercises outside of treatment. Patient's TUG score will decrease by ~ 13seconds[9] (4) in ~4-6 weeks to ensure safety in the community. Patient will be able to respond appropriately to perturbations via anticipatory stepping strategies during functional tasks (ie bocce ball) in 4-6 weeks.
Management Program[edit | edit source]
Rock Steady Boxing aka RSB[edit | edit source]
Rock steady boxing is typically a 75-90 minute boxing class that includes warm up, work out, core workout, and cool down portions of the session. Overall, these boxing sessions aim to emphasize: optimal agility, speed, muscular endurance, accuracy, balance, hand-eye coordination, footwork and overall strength.
It has been found that RSB has positively influenced patients with Parkinson's through ADLs (balancing, picking up objects, walking longer distances, transfers) becoming quicker and more precise through the progression of training. Additionally to changes in Parkinson's symptoms becoming more manageable, patients participating in RSB benefitted from an improved sense of self by thinking of themselves as a boxer rather than a victim of PD[10].
It has been shown that RSB resulted in improvements in spatiotemporal gait parameters (increased gait velocity and cadence, increased single leg support, increased stride length, improved step length ratios) in protocol with emphasis on footwork skills[11].
One study that implemented a RSB protocol for patients with Parkinson's demonstrated a decrease in UPDRS scoring, improvements in TUG, 10- minute walk test, and Berg Balance Scale[12].
Another study indicated improvements in PDQ-39 and QoL after performing RSB[13].
Independent Treatment Sessions[edit | edit source]
Independent treatment sessions will emphasize working on temporospatial qualities of gait.
This will be addressed via external/ environmental cueing such as auditory rhythmic cueing. Although this method has been shown to be effective in improving walking speed, there is questionable functional relevance[14]. Internal and mental cueing to help with gait (including counting, rocking backward and forwards before transferring)[15] will be implemented throughout treatment sessions.
Another focus of the treatment sessions will be on balance training. This is done via various exercises emphasizing internal and external perturbations to challenge the patient.
The safe use of a rollator walker will be taught in independent treatment sessions so that the patient is able to safely navigate his community while using an appropriate gait aid.
Part of the treatment sessions will emphasize finding strategies to manage tremors, for example, holding onto something to prevent/ attenuate/ limit the tremor.
Forced Cycling Exercise Intervention[edit | edit source]
Sessions of forced cycling have been shown to improve aerobic fitness, improve bradykinesia, dexterity, cadence in participants with Parkinson's. The protocol of this intervention consisted of 1- hour sessions 3 times a week for 8 weeks. One study indicated that forced cycling protocols were able to shift motor control feedback to a feedforward process. Also, UPDRS motor scores improved by 35% when compared to voluntary exercise. Finally, this protocol showed gains in upper extremity functioning that was maintained 4 weeks after cessation of the exercise intervention[16].
Outcome[edit | edit source]
Patient responded well to Rock Steady Boxing therapy as seen by improvements in balance. Patient's TUG score on reassessment is 13 seconds and has decreased by 5 seconds, which is a significant difference for this population[9]. Patient will continue to be monitored as he is still at risk for falls (cut-off for risk of falls is 13.5 seconds)[17]. Activities surrounding internal and external perturbations assisted in increasing patients’ postural stability, overall translating to increased independence with more functional tasks (ie. bocce ball). However, according to the ABC Scale, he is below the normative data regarding confidence in his ability to maintain balance while completing activities[18], so this is an area that can be improved. Boxing therapy, as well as rhythmic cueing in the clinic and mental cueing in community, has helped improve his gait mechanics, specifically gait speed and cadence. Patient reports feeling more confident navigating in the community with the use of a rollator walker and is able to ambulate for longer distances. Bradykinesia has become less of an obstacle during ambulation and his endurance has increased, as seen by an increase in ambulation distance. This may be attributed to the use of cycling and boxing therapy. Patient is making excellent progress overall, as his UPDRS Score for Parts I, II, and III decreased by 9 points, which is a significant change, as the MCID for this population is 8 points[19]. In addition, patient reports feeling less anxious and feels that he is better able to manage his condition due to education and boxing therapy.
Patient will be referred to a speech and language pathologist to address hypophonia, an occupational therapist to address difficulties with ADLs (eating/ drinking). Patient will be discharged upon completion of his therapy goals in regards to balance, as during reassessment his results in the Mini-Best test is improving, but is not yet a clinically meaningful change[20]. Patient is encouraged to continue to participate in boxing therapy and incorporate cueing into his routine as this is showing significant improvements in regards to his balance and gait.
Summary of Outcome Measures on Re-Assessment:[edit | edit source]
UPDRS Score (Part I, II, II): 61/199
TUG: 13 seconds
Mini-Best: 23/28
ABC score: 72/100
Discussion[edit | edit source]
Including Boxing therapy, as a part of the treatment program along with other mentioned interventions for this patient (male, diagnosed with middle/moderate stage of Parkinson's), has enabled further management of symptoms fostering further independence (E.g with ADL's such as eating/drinking/writing), self-confidence, self-management, increased gait speed, and balance. As shown with the outcome measures upon re-assessment, although results did not all reach statistically significant improvements, they did show improvement and provided an effect on his quality of life.
Relating to the underlying case, there are no set standard criteria for diagnosing Parkinson’s disease and with an etiology hypothesized as both genetic and environmental, the diagnosis and treatment plan are shaped around the patient and clinical findings[21]. As a chronic disorder, often associated with co-morbidities, it can be profoundly frustrating for the patient as it can greatly impede on one’s quality of life[21]. Further, with rigidity, tremor, bradykinesia, and postural instability as the hallmark symptoms, this condition has great implications on one’s independence, mental status, functional mobility, and risk for falls[22]. Thus, Parkinson's management must stem at the centre of an interdisciplinary team and is imperative that the patients get proper education on the trajectory of the condition and current evidence; there is no cure but it can be managed[23], in order to have good self-confidence and self-management on one's condition. As treatment goals vary for each person, individualized physiotherapy sessions, alongside prescribed medication, should target fostering further independence and quality of life, while maintaining their mental status, reduce tremor, rigidity, improve posture/balance/speech, and improve mobility and function at each stage of the disease [24]. On the same note, along with the increasing evidence to support that exercise can cause possible short-term reversal and slowing the rate of disability in the long-run[25], activities such as Boxing, one of many, must be explored as shown to have a positive effects on the management of this underlying condition[13].
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Tysnes O-B, Storstein A. Epidemiology of Parkinson’s disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2017;124(8):901–5.
- ↑ Epidemiology of Parkinson’s disease | British Columbia Medical Journal [Internet]. [cited 2019 May 7]. Available from: https://www.bcmj.org/articles/epidemiology-parkinson%E2%80%99s-disease
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Parkinson’s disease - Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice [Internet]. [cited 2019 May 7]. Available from: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/147
- ↑ Parkinson’s disease - Diagnosis and treatment - Mayo Clinic [Internet]. [cited 2019 May 7]. Available from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/parkinsons-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20376062
- ↑ Treatment [Internet]. nhs.uk. 2017 [cited 2019 May 7]. Available from: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/parkinsons-disease/treatment/
- ↑ Vervoort G, Bengevoord A, Strouwen C, Bekkers EMJ, Heremans E, Vandenberghe W, et al. Progression of postural control and gait deficits in Parkinson’s disease and freezing of gait: A longitudinal study. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders. 2016;28(Complete):73–9.
- ↑ Bloem BR, Hausdorff JM, Visser JE, Giladi N. Falls and freezing of gait in Parkinson’s disease: A review of two interconnected, episodic phenomena. Movement Disorders. 2004;19(8):871–84.
- ↑ Mak MKY, Pang MYC. Balance confidence and functional mobility are independently associated with falls in people with Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol. 2009 May;256(5):742–9.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Dal Bello-Haas V, Klassen L, Sheppard MS, Metcalfe A. Psychometric Properties of Activity, Self-Efficacy, and Quality-of-Life Measures in Individuals with Parkinson Disease. Physiother Can. 2011;63(1):47–57.
- ↑ Seibert P, Calzacorta C, Jones E, Johnson C. Non-contact boxing as a mechanism for treating Parkinson’s disease symptomatology. Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 2017 Oct 15;381:732.
- ↑ Combs S, Diehl D, Staples W, Davis K, Schaneman K, Conn L, et al. P1.075 Effects of non-contact boxing training on spatiotemporal gait parameters in persons with Parkinson’s disease: a case series. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders. 2009 Dec 1;15:S48.
- ↑ Larson D, Bega D, Johnson E, Slowey L. Effects of Rock Steady Boxing on Activities of Daily Living and Motor Symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease (P5.075). Neurology. 2018 Apr 10;90(15 Supplement):P5.075.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Hoime K, Klein R, Maciejewski J, Nienhuis M. Impact of a Community-Based Rock Steady Boxing Program for People with Parkinson’s Disease: A Pilot Study. Physical Therapy Scholarly Projects [Internet]. 2018 Jan 1; Available from: https://commons.und.edu/pt-grad/650
- ↑ Lim I, Wegen E van, de Goede C, Deutekom M, Nieuwboer A, Willems A, et al. Effects of external rhythmical cueing on gait in patients with Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review. Clinical Rehabilitation; London. 2005 Oct;19(7):695–713.
- ↑ Nieuwboer A, Kwakkel G, Rochester L, Jones D, van Wegen E, Willems AM, et al. Cueing training in the home improves gait‐related mobility in Parkinson’s disease: the RESCUE trial. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2007 Feb;78(2):134–40.
- ↑ Forced, Not Voluntary, Exercise Improves Motor Function in Parkinson’s Disease Patients - Angela L. Ridgel, Jerrold L. Vitek, Jay L. Alberts, 2009 [Internet]. [cited 2019 May 5]. Available from: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1545968308328726
- ↑ Shumway-Cook A, Brauer S, Woollacott M. Predicting the Probability for Falls in Community-Dwelling Older Adults Using the Timed Up & Go Test. Phys Ther. 2000 Sep 1;80(9):896–903.
- ↑ Mak MKY, Pang MYC, Mok V. Gait Difficulty, Postural Instability, and Muscle Weakness Are Associated with Fear of Falling in People with Parkinson’s Disease. Parkinsons Dis [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2019 May 5];2012. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3189578/
- ↑ Schrag A, Sampaio C, Counsell N, Poewe W. Minimal clinically important change on the unified Parkinson’s disease rating scale. Movement Disorders. 2006;21(8):1200–7.
- ↑ Leddy AL, Crowner BE, Earhart GM. Utility of the Mini-BESTest, BESTest, and BESTest sections for balance assessments in individuals with Parkinson disease. J Neurol Phys Ther. 2011 Jun;35(2):90–7.
- ↑ 21.0 21.1 Rizek P, Kumar N, Jog MS. An update on the diagnosis and treatment of Parkinson disease. CMAJ. 2016 Nov 1;188(16):1157–65.
- ↑ Bloem BR, Hausdorff JM, Visser JE, Giladi N. Falls and freezing of gait in Parkinson’s disease: A review of two interconnected, episodic phenomena. Movement Disorders. 2004;19(8):871–84.
- ↑ Parkinson’s Disease: Hope Through Research | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke [Internet]. [cited 2019 May 7]. Available from: https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/Patient-Caregiver-Education/Hope-Through-Research/Parkinsons-Disease-Hope-Through-Research
- ↑ Oliveira de Carvalho A, Filho ASS, Murillo-Rodriguez E, Rocha NB, Carta MG, Machado S. Physical Exercise For Parkinson’s Disease: Clinical And Experimental Evidence. Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health. 2018 Mar 30;14:89–98.
- ↑ Morris ME, Martin CL, Schenkman ML. Striding Out With Parkinson Disease: Evidence-Based Physical Therapy for Gait Disorders. Phys Ther. 2010 Feb;90(2):280–8.