Dermatomyositis: Difference between revisions

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== Definition/Description<ref name="Goodman et al.">Goodman C, Fuller K. Pathology: Implications for the Physical Therapist. St. Louis, Missouri: Saunders Elsevier; 2009.</ref><ref name="mayo">MayoClinic.com Website. Dermatomyositis Available at: http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/dermatomyositis/DS00335 Accessed on 4/1/2010.</ref><ref name="Hajj-ali">Hajj-ali RA. Polymyositis and Dermatomyositis. The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy. http://www.merck.com/mmpe/sec04/ch032/ch032d.html?qt=dermatomyositis&amp;alt=sh. Updated February 2008. Accessed March 6, 2010.</ref>  ==
== Introduction ==


A systemic connective tissue disease, found in the rheumatoid family, characterized by inflammatory and degenerative changes in the muscles and skin leading to symmetric weakness and some degree of muscle atrophy, principally in the limb girdles, neck and pharynx. &nbsp;This disease has also shown to effect the esophagus, lungs, and least commonly the heart. Also classified in the umbrella term [[Inflammatory Myopathies]].<br>  
Dermatomyositis is an autoimmune inflammatory myositis, possibly related condition to polymyositis.<ref name=":0">Radiopedia [https://radiopaedia.org/articles/dermatomyositis?lang=gb Dermatomyositis] Available:https://radiopaedia.org/articles/dermatomyositis?lang=gb (accessed 23.1.2023)</ref> It is characterized by inflammatory and degenerative changes in the muscles and skin leading to symmetric weakness and some degree of muscle atrophy, principally in the limb girdles, neck and pharynx. &nbsp;This disease has also shown to effect the esophagus, lungs, and least commonly the heart. Also classified in the umbrella term [[Inflammatory Myopathies]].<ref name="Goodman et al.">Goodman C, Fuller K. Pathology: Implications for the Physical Therapist. St. Louis, Missouri: Saunders Elsevier; 2009.</ref><ref name="mayo">MayoClinic.com Website. Dermatomyositis Available at: http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/dermatomyositis/DS00335 Accessed on 4/1/2010.</ref><ref name="Hajj-ali">Hajj-ali RA. Polymyositis and Dermatomyositis. The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy. http://www.merck.com/mmpe/sec04/ch032/ch032d.html?qt=dermatomyositis&amp;alt=sh. Updated February 2008. Accessed March 6, 2010.</ref>&nbsp;


&nbsp;
== Epidemilogy ==
 
Female predilection. Bimodal age pattern: Juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM), affects children and is more severe; Adult dermatomyositis (ADM) usually affects adults around the age of 50.<ref name=":0" /><br>
== Prevalence<ref name="Hajj-ali" /><ref name="Goodman et al." />  ==
 
*In the United States, approximately 5-10 in 1 million people are affected and the incidence appears to be increasing.  
*May appear at any age but most commonly from age 40-60 in adulthood; in childhood 5-15
*The female to male ratio is 2:1<br>
 
== Characteristics/Clinical Presentation<ref name="Callen" /><ref name="Goodman et al." /> ==
 
*Symptom onset maybe acute or insidious
*&nbsp;Progressive symmetric muscle weakness primarily in muscles of proximal joints and neck and pharynx
*&nbsp;Dusky or erythematous skin rash, potentially scaly, elevated, or smooth. Typically found on the face resembling the butterfly rash associated with SLE, neck, shoulders, chest and back, forearms, lower legs, medial malleoli, and dorsum of the proximal interphalangeal and metacarpophalangeal joints.
 
[[Image:Rash.jpg|200px]]&nbsp;
 
*Gottron's papules&nbsp;
 
[[Image:Grotton papules- dermatomyositis.jpg|Image:Grotton_papules-_dermatomyositis.jpg]]
 
*&nbsp;Base and sides of nails maybe hyperemic
*&nbsp;Muscular pain and tenderness typically associated with the rash
*&nbsp;Subcutaneous calcifications may occur particularly in childhood
*diffuse alopecia with scaly scalp<br>
*&nbsp;Fatigue, fever, weight loss
*&nbsp;Difficulty swallowing
*&nbsp;Cardiopulmonary involvement such as arrhythmias, congestive heart failure, conduction deficits, ventricular hypertrophy, or pericarditis and respiratory muscles in severe cases&nbsp;<br>


== Characteristics/Clinical Presentation ==
Classically presents with a symmetrical proximal myopathy with associated dermatological changes including, dusky-red rash over the face, arms, hands, legs and other features. Other features include, dysphagia, myalgia, fever and weight loss<ref name=":0" />
[[File:Rash.jpg|alt=|thumb|200x200px|Rash]]
== Subtypes&nbsp;<ref name="koler" />  ==
== Subtypes&nbsp;<ref name="koler" />  ==


'''JUVENILE DERMATOMYOSITIS'''<br>While the clinical presentation of juvenile dermatomyositis is usually different from the presentation of the adult type, the skin lesions are similar, with the exception of an increased incidence of calcinosis cutis in juvenile patients. Common findings include low-grade fever, increased risk of gastrointestinal manifestations, and symmetric arthritis of the large and small joints. Asymptomatic cardiac conduction delays or right bundle branch block may be found in 50 percent of this group.<ref>Sullivan  DB, Cassidy  JT, Petty  RE.  Dermatomyositis in the pediatric patient.  Arthritis Rheum.  1977;20(suppl 2):327–31.</ref><ref>Pachman  LM.  Juvenile dermatomyositis.  Pediatr Clin North Am.  1995;42:1071–98.</ref>
nuclear antigen antibodies). ANA are found in up to 80 percent of patients with dermatomyositis or polymyositis, but this finding does not aid in distinguishing myositis from scleroderma or other rheumatologic diseases. Precipitating autoantibodies to the Mi-2 antigen are specific for dermatomyositis but are found in only about 20 percent of patients with dermatomyositis. In patients with overlap syndrome, the myositis tends to respond better to treatment with corticosteroids than it does in patients with an idiopathic etiology.
 
Patients may exhibit weakness of the truncal muscles that requires them to use their arms to push themselves up from a prone position (i.e., Gower's sign). There does not appear to be any association between juvenile dermatomyositis and malignancy.<ref name="Kovacs">Kovacs  SO, Kovacs  SC.  Dermatomyositis.  J Am Acad Dermatol.  1998;39:899–920</ref>
 
'''OVERLAP SYNDROME'''<br>A number of patients with dermatomyositis also meet the criteria for one of the connective tissue disorders. To be a true overlap syndrome, the patient must meet the diagnostic criteria for each separate disorder. Overlap syndrome occurs more frequently in females than in males, with a 9:1 ratio.<ref name="Kovacs" /> Eleven to 40 percent of patients with dermatomyositis have been reported to have a concomitant diagnosis of a connective tissue disorder.<ref name="Kovacs" />
 
These disorders include '<nowiki/>''rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjögren's syndrome, polyarteritis nodosa and mixed connective tissue disease''', and these patients may present with'''''<i>p'<nowiki/></i>'''olyarthritis, sicca syndrome, sclerodactyly, Raynaud's phenomenon and late symptoms of myositis'''. Patients are also more likely to have positive nonmyositis–associated antibodies (such as double-stranded DNA, antinuclear antibodies [ANA], Scl-70, Jo-1 precipitating antibodies, PM-Scl, Ku antibodies or extractable nuclear antigen antibodies). ANA are found in up to 80 percent of patients with dermatomyositis or polymyositis, but this finding does not aid in distinguishing myositis from scleroderma or other rheumatologic diseases. Precipitating autoantibodies to the Mi-2 antigen are specific for dermatomyositis but are found in only about 20 percent of patients with dermatomyositis. In patients with overlap syndrome, the myositis tends to respond better to treatment with corticosteroids than it does in patients with an idiopathic etiology.  


'''AMYOPATHIC DERMATOMYOSITIS'''<br>This classification has been controversial because it does not strictly meet the criteria put forth by Bohen and Peter.Amyopathic patients essentially have pathognomonic skin changes without clinical or laboratory evidence of muscle involvement. This condition has been reported in approximately 2 to 11 percent of patients with dermatomyositis. Patients most commonly present with lethargy, pruritus, fatigue, photosensitivity or arthralgias. In some cases, myositis developed later; in others, myositis that was not found by standard methods was suspected on the basis of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).  
<nowiki/><i><nowiki/></i>'''AMYOPATHIC DERMATOMYOSITIS'''<br>This classification has been controversial because it does not strictly meet the criteria put forth by Bohen and Peter.Amyopathic patients essentially have pathognomonic skin changes without clinical or laboratory evidence of muscle involvement. This condition has been reported in approximately 2 to 11 percent of patients with dermatomyositis. Patients most commonly present with lethargy, pruritus, fatigue, photosensitivity or arthralgias. In some cases, myositis developed later; in others, myositis that was not found by standard methods was suspected on the basis of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).  


'''DERMATOMYOSITIS/MALIGNANCY'''<br>Although an increased risk of malignancy has not been associated with juvenile dermatomyositis, it has been demonstrated in adults with dermatomyositis. This risk appears to be highest in patients diagnosed with dermatomyositis after 45 years of age. The '''most commonly reported malignancies are ovarian and gastric cancer, and lymphoma'''. Other reported malignancies include lung, male genital organ, nonmelanoma skin, Kaposi's sarcoma, mycosis fungoides and melanoma.  
'''DERMATOMYOSITIS/MALIGNANCY'''<br>Although an increased risk of malignancy has not been associated with juvenile dermatomyositis, it has been demonstrated in adults with dermatomyositis. This risk appears to be highest in patients diagnosed with dermatomyositis after 45 years of age. The '''most commonly reported malignancies are ovarian and gastric cancer, and lymphoma'''. Other reported malignancies include lung, male genital organ, nonmelanoma skin, Kaposi's sarcoma, mycosis fungoides and melanoma.  

Revision as of 07:06, 23 January 2023

Original Editors Megan Sarason from Bellarmine University's Pathophysiology of Complex Patient Problems project.

Top Contributors - Megan Sarason, Admin, Lucinda hampton, Elaine Lonnemann, Kim Jackson, Khloud Shreif, 127.0.0.1, Wendy Walker and WikiSysop  

Introduction[edit | edit source]

Dermatomyositis is an autoimmune inflammatory myositis, possibly related condition to polymyositis.[1] It is characterized by inflammatory and degenerative changes in the muscles and skin leading to symmetric weakness and some degree of muscle atrophy, principally in the limb girdles, neck and pharynx.  This disease has also shown to effect the esophagus, lungs, and least commonly the heart. Also classified in the umbrella term Inflammatory Myopathies.[2][3][4] 

Epidemilogy[edit | edit source]

Female predilection. Bimodal age pattern: Juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM), affects children and is more severe; Adult dermatomyositis (ADM) usually affects adults around the age of 50.[1]

Characteristics/Clinical Presentation[edit | edit source]

Classically presents with a symmetrical proximal myopathy with associated dermatological changes including, dusky-red rash over the face, arms, hands, legs and other features. Other features include, dysphagia, myalgia, fever and weight loss[1]

File:Rash.jpg
Rash

Subtypes [5][edit | edit source]

nuclear antigen antibodies). ANA are found in up to 80 percent of patients with dermatomyositis or polymyositis, but this finding does not aid in distinguishing myositis from scleroderma or other rheumatologic diseases. Precipitating autoantibodies to the Mi-2 antigen are specific for dermatomyositis but are found in only about 20 percent of patients with dermatomyositis. In patients with overlap syndrome, the myositis tends to respond better to treatment with corticosteroids than it does in patients with an idiopathic etiology.

AMYOPATHIC DERMATOMYOSITIS
This classification has been controversial because it does not strictly meet the criteria put forth by Bohen and Peter.Amyopathic patients essentially have pathognomonic skin changes without clinical or laboratory evidence of muscle involvement. This condition has been reported in approximately 2 to 11 percent of patients with dermatomyositis. Patients most commonly present with lethargy, pruritus, fatigue, photosensitivity or arthralgias. In some cases, myositis developed later; in others, myositis that was not found by standard methods was suspected on the basis of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

DERMATOMYOSITIS/MALIGNANCY
Although an increased risk of malignancy has not been associated with juvenile dermatomyositis, it has been demonstrated in adults with dermatomyositis. This risk appears to be highest in patients diagnosed with dermatomyositis after 45 years of age. The most commonly reported malignancies are ovarian and gastric cancer, and lymphoma. Other reported malignancies include lung, male genital organ, nonmelanoma skin, Kaposi's sarcoma, mycosis fungoides and melanoma.

Skin changes are not different in patients with or without malignancy. Therefore, careful investigation for malignancy should be initiated at the time dermatomyositis is diagnosed. In women with dermatomyositis, there is a significant association with ovarian cancer, and some authors recommend that the work-up for dermatomyositis include a comprehensive gynecologic evaluation, including a cancer antigen (CA-125) baseline screen, mammography and transvaginal ultrasonographic evaluation of the ovaries at baseline, and gynecologic examinations at six- to 12-month intervals for at least two years.

Medications[6][7][edit | edit source]

Corticosteroids:

Immunosuppressive or cytotoxic agent: 

  • Methotrexate
  • Azathioprine
  • Cyclophosphamide
  • Cyclosporin
  • Mycophenolate mofetil
  • Chlorambucil

Antimalarial: steroid-sparing agent to treat skin disease

  • Hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine

Mainstay adequate antibody levels to improved muscle function and for skin lesions in patients whom corticosteroids and immunosupressives have failed:

  • Intravenous immune globulin

Monoclonal antibodies (destruction of B cells):

  • Rituximab

Calcium channel blocker: (gradual resolution of calcinosis)

  • Diltiazem

Diagnostic Tests/Lab Tests/Lab Values[5][4][edit | edit source]

laboratory studies are helpful but nonspecific:

  •  ESR frequently elevated
  •  Antinuclear antibodies (ANA) elevated in 60 to 80 percent of patients
  •  Elevated creatine kinase (CK) enzyme, transaminases, and lactate dehyrogenase levels
  •  EMG to measure the electrical activity of the muscles: typically present as short-wave and fibrillations or myopathic pattern, 10 percent are false-negative
  • Rheumatoid factor: elevated in 20 percent of patients, most often in those with overlap syndromes
  • Neopterin and factor VIII–related antigen (von Willebrand factor): reported to correlate with juvenile DM

Causes[2][edit | edit source]

  • The etiology of this disease is unknown
  • Potential autoimmune mechanism; T cells inappropriately recognize muscle fiber antigens as foreign and attack the    muscle tissues causing muscle breakdown
  • Potentially triggered by a virus
  • Potentially drug induced

Systemic Involvement[5][edit | edit source]

Systemic manifestations:
Common: proximal muscle weakness, dysphonia, dysphagia
Less common: respiratory muscle weakness, visual changes, abdominal pain

Systemic complications/association:

Cardiomyopathy
Cardiac conduction defects

Aspiration pneumonia secondary to respiratory muscle weakness
Diffuse interstitial pneumonitis/fibrosis
Large-bowel infarction secondary to vasculopathy has occurred in juvenile patients with myositis
Muscle atrophy
Muscle calcification
Ocular complications including iritis, nystagmus, cotton-wool spots, optic atrophy, conjunctival edema and pseudopolyposis
Internal malignancy

Medical Management (current best evidence)[4][5][edit | edit source]

 The main goals when treating patients with dermatomyositis are improve function and prevent disability. The treatment regimen must be instituted early and requires a team approach between the physical therapist, dermatologist and family physician.  While currently there is no cure for this systemic disease the symptoms can be treated.  Corticosteroids are used initially to reduce the inflammation, shorten the time to normalization of muscle enzymes, and reduce morbidity. Maintenance therapy with Prednisone usually is necessary indefinitely in the adult patient. Immunosuppressive therapies may be used in individuals who do not respond well to the corticosteroids.  The skin disease is primarily treated with sun avoidance, topical corticosteroids, antimalarial agents,methotrexate, mycophenolate mofetil, and/or intravenous immune globulin.  Patient education is highly important to assist in control of the disease process.

Physical Therapy Management (current best evidence)[5][8][edit | edit source]

Preferred Practice Patterns for Physical Therapy:

  • Impaired Joint Mobility, Motor Function, Muscle Performance, and Range of Motion Associated with Connective Tissue Dysfunction.
  • Impairments/ Skin Involvement Into Fascia, Muscle, or Bone and Scar Formation

Focus of Treatment should include:  Patient education on joint preservation

  • Strengthening to prevent atrophy once inflammation is controlled
  • Range of motion exercises to prevent contractures
  • Passive stretching and splinting

Differential Diagnosis[7][edit | edit source]

  • CREST Syndrome
  • Parapsoriasis
  • Graft Versus Host Disease
  • Pityriasis Rubra Pilaris
  • Lichen Myxedematosus
  • Polymorphous Light Eruption
  • Lichen Planus
  • Psoriasis, Plaque
  • Lupus Erythematosus, Acute
  • Rosacea
  • Lupus Erythematosus, Discoid
  • Sarcoidosis
  • Lupus Erythematosus, Subacute Cutaneous
  • Tinea Corporis
  • Morphea
  • Urticaria, Chronic
  • Multicentric Reticulohistiocytosis

Case Reports[edit | edit source]

Dermatomyositis:  Evolution of a Diagnosis by Cleland J and Venzke J.  Phys Ther (2003) 83: 932-945

http://www.intarchmed.com/content/1/1/25

http://pathhsw5m54.ucsf.edu/case34/case34.html

http://www.amc.edu/amr/archives/200201/case02.html

Resources[edit | edit source]

Support Groups:

Polymyositis and Dermatomyositis support group

Myositis support group

General Information:

Myositis

dermatomyositis

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Radiopedia Dermatomyositis Available:https://radiopaedia.org/articles/dermatomyositis?lang=gb (accessed 23.1.2023)
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Goodman C, Fuller K. Pathology: Implications for the Physical Therapist. St. Louis, Missouri: Saunders Elsevier; 2009.
  3. ↑ MayoClinic.com Website. Dermatomyositis Available at: http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/dermatomyositis/DS00335 Accessed on 4/1/2010.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Hajj-ali RA. Polymyositis and Dermatomyositis. The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy. http://www.merck.com/mmpe/sec04/ch032/ch032d.html?qt=dermatomyositis&alt=sh. Updated February 2008. Accessed March 6, 2010.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Koler RA, Montemarano A. Dermatomyositis. Am Fam Physician. 2001 Nov 1;64(9):1565-72. http://www.aafp.org/afp/2001/1101/p1565.html. (accessed April 11, 2010)
  6. ↑ Kasper DL, Braunwald E, Fauci AS, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson JL. Harrison's Manual of Medicine. 16th ed. McGraw-Hill, 2005
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Callen JP. Dermatomyositis. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1064945-overview. Updated April 13,2009. Accessed March 10,2010
  8. ↑ American Physical Therapy Association. Guide to Physical Therapy Practice. Phys Ther. 2001;81:9-744. Revised June 2003.
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