Muscle Activity During Gait: Difference between revisions

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==== Breakdown of Gait Cycle Sub-Phases ====
==== Breakdown of Gait Cycle Sub-Phases ====
'''Initial Contact (or Heel Strike)'''   
'''Initial Contact (or Heel Strike) - 0%'''   


The moment the foot touches the ground and begins the first phase of double support. Its function is to establish contact with the ground surface and initiate weight acceptance.   
The moment the foot touches the ground and begins the first phase of double support. Its function is to establish contact with the ground surface and initiate weight acceptance.   
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|Concentric contraction of hip extensors (Gluteus maximus)
|Concentric contraction of hip extensors (Gluteus maximus)
Eccentric contraction of hip flexors (Iliopsoas) ?
Eccentric contraction of hip flexors (Iliopsoas) ?
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+
<ref name=":0" />
!
!Kinematics/Joint Motion
!Muscle Action
|-
|[[Ankle and Foot|Ankle]]
|Neutral, 0°
|Eccentric contraction of dorsiflexors ( tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus)
|-
|[[Knee]]
|5° flexion
|Eccentric extensors
|-
|[[Hip]]
|30° flexion
|Concentric extensors and eccentric flexors
|}
|}
'''Loading Response (or Foot Flat) - 0-10%'''
'''Loading Response (or Foot Flat) - 0-10%'''


Begins with initial contact and continues until the contralateral foot leaves the ground. The foot continues to accept weight and absorb shock by rolling into pronation.<ref name="Shultz" />
Begins with initial contact and continues until the contralateral foot leaves the ground. The foot continues to accept weight and absorb shock by rolling into pronation.  
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!
!
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|}
|}


<ref name=":0" />


'''Midstance - 10-30%'''
'''Midstance - 10-30%'''
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'''Terminal Stance (or Heel Off) - 30-50%'''
'''Terminal Stance (or Heel Off) - 30-50%'''


Begins when the heel leaves the floor and continues until the contralateral foot contacts the ground. In addition to single limb support and stability, this event serves to propel the body forward. Bodyweight is divided over the metatarsal heads.<ref name="Shultz" />
Begins when the heel leaves the floor and continues until the contralateral foot contacts the ground. In addition to single limb support and stability, this event serves to propel the body forward. Bodyweight is divided over the metatarsal heads.
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{| class="wikitable"
!
!
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|}
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<ref name=":0" />


'''Pre-Swing (or Toe Off) - 50-60%'''
'''Pre-Swing (or Toe Off) - 50-60%'''


Begins when the contralateral foot contacts the ground and continues until the ipsilateral foot leaves the ground. Provides the final burst of propulsion as the toes leave the ground.<ref name="Loudon" />
Begins when the contralateral foot contacts the ground and continues until the ipsilateral foot leaves the ground. Provides the final burst of propulsion as the toes leave the ground.
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{| class="wikitable"
!
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<ref name=":0" />


'''Early Swing - 60-75%'''
'''Early Swing - 60-75%'''
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<ref name=":0" />


'''Mid-Swing - 75-85%'''
'''Mid-Swing - 75-85%'''
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<ref name=":0" />


'''Late Swing/Deceleration - 85-100%'''
'''Late Swing/Deceleration - 85-100%'''
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then concentric extensors
then concentric extensors
|}
|}
<ref name=":0" />
 


== Sub Heading 2 ==
== Sub Heading 2 ==

Revision as of 11:18, 14 September 2022

Original Editor - User Name

Top Contributors - Wanda van Niekerk, Jess Bell and Lucinda hampton  

Breakdown of Gait Cycle Sub-Phases[edit | edit source]

Initial Contact (or Heel Strike) - 0%

The moment the foot touches the ground and begins the first phase of double support. Its function is to establish contact with the ground surface and initiate weight acceptance.

Kinematics and Kinetics during Initial Contact
Kinematics/Joint Motion Kinetics
External forces Internal Forces
Ankle Neutral, 0° Ground reaction force posterior to ankle joint

Plantarflexion moment created

Dorsiflexors activated:
  • Tibialis anterior
  • Extensor digitorum longus
  • Extensor hallucis longus

Eccentric contraction of ankle dorsiflexors to slow plantar flexion during the range of motion change from initial contact to foot flat

Knee Extension before initial contact, moving into 15° of flexion (initial contact to foot flat) Ground reaction force anterior to knee joint

Extensor moment created

Ground reaction force shifts posterior

Flexion moment created


Concentric contraction of knee flexors (hamstrings)

Eccentric contraction of knee extensors (quadriceps femoris) to control knee flexion

Hip Hip 20°, moving toward extension Ground reaction force anterior to hip joint

Flexion moment created

Concentric contraction of hip extensors (Gluteus maximus)

Eccentric contraction of hip flexors (Iliopsoas) ?

Loading Response (or Foot Flat) - 0-10%

Begins with initial contact and continues until the contralateral foot leaves the ground. The foot continues to accept weight and absorb shock by rolling into pronation.

Kinematics/Joint Motion Muscle Action
Ankle Rapid plantarflexion to 10° Eccentric dorsiflexors
Knee Flexes to 10-15° Eccentric extensors and concentric flexors
Hip Gradual extension Concentric extensors


Midstance - 10-30%

Begins when the contralateral foot leaves the ground and continues until ipsilateral heel lifts off the ground. The body is supported by a single leg and begins to move from force absorption at impact to force propulsion forward.[1]

Kinematics/Joint Motion Muscle Action
Ankle Gradual dorsiflexion Eccentric plantarflexors and concentric dorsiflexors
Knee Begins to extend Concentric extensors
Hip Gradual extension Concentric extensors

Terminal Stance (or Heel Off) - 30-50%

Begins when the heel leaves the floor and continues until the contralateral foot contacts the ground. In addition to single limb support and stability, this event serves to propel the body forward. Bodyweight is divided over the metatarsal heads.

Kinematics/Joint Motion Muscle Action
Ankle Gradual dorsiflexion until a maximum of 10° before beginning to plantarflex Eccentric plantarflexors, then

concentric plantarflexors

Knee Continues extending until a maximum of 5° of flexion before beginning to flex Concentric extensors, then

eccentric extensors and concentric flexors

Hip Extends until a maximum of 10° extension Eccentric flexors


Pre-Swing (or Toe Off) - 50-60%

Begins when the contralateral foot contacts the ground and continues until the ipsilateral foot leaves the ground. Provides the final burst of propulsion as the toes leave the ground.

Kinematics/Joint Motion Muscle Action
Ankle Begins to plantarflex rapidly before foot leaves the ground Concentric plantarflexors
Knee Begins to flex rapidly Eccentric extensors
Hip Begins to flex before foot leaves the ground Concentric flexors


Early Swing - 60-75%

Begins when the foot leaves the ground until it is aligned with the contralateral ankle. This event functions to advance the limb and shorten the limb for foot clearance.

Kinematics/Joint Motion Muscle Action
Ankle Continues to plantarflex until a maximum of 20° before

moving back towards a neutral position

Eccentric dorsiflexors, then

concentric dorsiflexors and eccentric plantarflexors

Knee Rapid knee flexion until a maximum of about 60° Eccentric extensors and concentric flexors
Hip Gradually flexes Concentric flexors


Mid-Swing - 75-85%

Begins from the ankle and foot alignment and continues until the swing leg tibia is vertical. As in early swing, it functions to advance the limb and shorten the limb for foot clearance.

Kinematics/Joint Motion Muscle Action
Ankle Maintains a neutral position Concentric dorsiflexors
Knee Begins to extend Eccentric flexors
Hip Continues to flex until a maximum of just over 30° Concentric flexors


Late Swing/Deceleration - 85-100%

Begins when the swing leg tibia is vertical and ends with initial contact. Limb advancement slows in preparation.

Kinematics/Joint Motion Muscle Action
Ankle Maintains a neutral position Concentric dorsiflexors
Knee Extends until full extension, and flexes just slightly before initial contact Eccentric flexors, then concentric flexors
Hip Hip remains flexed to around 30 ° Concentric flexors and eccentric extensors,

then concentric extensors


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Sub Heading 3[edit | edit source]

Resources[edit | edit source]

  • bulleted list
  • x

or

  1. numbered list
  2. x

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Shultz
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