Moving and Handling

Original Editors - Samuel Winter

Top Contributors - Leana Louw, Samuel Winter and Lucinda hampton

Introduction

Moving and handling forms a key part of most occupations. It refer to moving and handling loads like objects or people. This page will look into the ergonomics behind the safe moving and handling practices relating to physiotherapy. See here Ergonomics

Handling principles

• Be prepared - know where the load is going, have the correct attitude, knowledge, skill and clothing
• Take note of floor surface and surroundings, as well as area moving to
• Test the weight that you know what to expect
• Use a firm grip
• Keep the weight close to your body ensuring the center of gravity is close to your base of support
• Pre-position your feet in the direction of movement
• Use a stable, broad base of support (bending your knees as a lower center of gravity is more stable)
• Maintain your lumbar lordosis to avoid excessive lumbar flexion) and activate your abdominal stabilizers (transverse abdominus)
• Bend your knees and lift the weight by extending your knees
• Avoid fast, uncontrolled movements, especially with turning
• Do not rotate your body during the movement, lift and rotate your feet - make sure your footware is appropriate
• Use your body weight and an appropriate lever where applicable
• If more than one person involved, clear instructions should be given - e.g. leader and follower
• Use mechanical aids for extra heavy objects
• ABC:
  • Alignment (bend your knees, keep your pelvis neutral)
  • Breathe (normal)
  • Control (1/3)

Techniques

Preparation

• Ensure clothing (including footwear) are appropriate
• Ensure all participants are aware of the task, including the order of specific task and end position of the patient
• Get the equipment ready and in order, with required accessories
• Prepare the environment, clear route and access ways are clear, move objects, and the destination is ready
• Prepare client, explain what will happen and what they are expected to do. Ensure clothes, including footwear, are appropriate, ensure they have any aids they need
• Choose a lead caregiver
• Count down "ready, steady, move" prior to the task

Communication between caregiver and patient

• Talk through the steps prior
• Ask if OK as being moved
• Ask how they felt after the transfer

Moving and handling

Work stations

Workstation adjustment is a very important aspect to aim to prevent repetitive strain injuries for desk workers by improving posture. The following principles need to be taken into account:

• Keep your head in a balanced position with chin tucked
• Computer screen:
  • Positioned to be able to look down at a 15 degree angle
  • Screen and work surface should be glare and reflection free
  • Tiltable screen
  • Height adjustable swivel stand screen

• Keyboard should be detached and flat
• Thin based desk with maximum thigh space
• Feet should be flat on ground or footrest available for positioning
• Shoulders relaxed
• Forearms horisontal
• Keep wrists in balanced position
• Chair:
  • Adequate lower back support at belt level
  • Ideally height and angle adjustable backrest
  • Adjustable height (e.g. gas lift)
  • 5 star stable base (wheels)

• No obstructions to leg movement
• Adequate illumination, ideally from the side

Mobilisation

Sitting

Preparation

1. Check a patients weight-bearing status with colleagues, medical notes, the client and family if needed
2. Consider hoisting if non-weight bearing, never put weight through a patients non-weight bearing leg
3. Make sure the patient knows what to expect during the transfer

Supervising sitting repositioning

1. Patient places feet flat of the floor and slightly under the chair
2. Patient leans forwards so weight is over their knees
3. Patient stands, moves as far back into the seat as possible OR pushes back on armrests and their feet to slide back into the seat

Assistance Sitting

1. Ask client to feel for chair on back of legs, reach for armrests and slowly lower themselves
2. Encourage client to bend at the hips

Standing

Supervising standing

1. Patient places hands on armrests, feet flat of the floor and slightly under the chair
2. Pt moves slightly closer to the edge of the seat
3. Pt sits forwards, "nose over toes"
4. If needed, the patient rocks backwards and forwards
5. Patient leans forwards so weight is over their knees
6. Carer counts down "ready, steady, stand". On stand, the patient pushes up into a standing position

Assistance Standing

1. Caregiver adopts the lunge position, beside the patient
2. Outside hand is flat on the front of patients shoulder, inside arm across lower back
3. With weight starting on the back foot, carer rocks forward with the client
4. Check clients arms are free and in front

Making use of a hoist

1. Apply hoist sling
2. Position hoist sling
3. Position hoist
4. Position sling bar and attach sling straps to hoist
5. Instruct client to stand
6. Reposition hoist
7. Instruct client to sit

Bed Mobility

Rolling in bed

Supervised

1. Patient turns head in direction of roll
2. Patient flexes knee further from the direction of roll
3. Places arm across their chest in direction of roll
4. Client rolls over, pushing with outside of foot and reaching across body
5. Client completes roll

Assistance

1. Patient turns head in direction of roll
2. Patient flexes knee further from the direction of roll
3. Patient crosses arms against chest
4. Therapist stands in direction of roll and places one hand on furthest shoulder, other on the furthest hip
5. Client is rolled onto their side

Moving in bed

• Teach the patient to do a bridge to move up and down in the bed
• Patient to hold on to head of bed with arms and pull themselves up. This can be done in combination with a bridge, and works well in patients with an increased BMI, or that have specific lower limb weight bearing limitations/pain, preventing them to do an optimal bridge.

1 x assistance:

• Assist to lift pelvis
• Place patient in crook lying
• Put one around patient's shoulders and the other at the back of the scapula
• Assist with pulling upwards when the patient does a bridge

Sitting over the edge of a bed

Supervised

1. Patient turns to their side, facing the carer
2. Patient places outside hand and inside elbow flat on the bed
3. Client puts legs over the edge of the bed
4. Uses hands and elbow to push up whilst lowering legs to floor

Slide sheets

Applying

1. Place slide sheets underneath a bed sheet
2. Keep edges of slide sheet to edge of the bed
3. Push slide sheet under the patient, pushing down on the mattress
4. Roll patient to the side and pull through the slide sheets

Pushing client up the bed with slide sheets

1. Apply slide sheets
2. Place extra pillow at head of the bed
3. Enter a lung position
4. Patient pushes up the bed with their feet, whilst carers slide up the bed

Removing slide sheets

1. Tuck in both sheets on one side
2. In a lunge position, a therapist pulls out diagonally from the other side
3. Place sheets neatly for next use

Lateral Transfers

Sitting to sitting

Supervision

1. Patient leans forward and slides to the front of the chair
2. Client places leading foot in the direction they're going
3. Patient reaches forwards to take the far arm of the chair
4. The client pushes through their arms and legs
5. Client transfers to the other chair
6. Client lowers into chair

Therapist stays close by throughout

Assistance without an aid

1. Assisted sit to stand (as above)
2. Patient instructed to walk or step to another chair
3. Patient instructed to reach for the armrests
4. Patient sits down

Transfer board and slide sheets

1. Beds moved together
2. Side sheets positioned on transfer board
3. Assistance to roll onto the side away from the direction of transfer
4. Transfer board placed underneath the patient
5. Patient rolled back to neutral
6. Patient slide to target bed
7. Transfer board and slide sheets removed

Hoisting

Applying a sling in bed

Therapist one:

1. folds the sling with labels and handles on the outside
2. Position the sling from the base of the spine upwards
3. Feed the upper strap under the client's neck
4. Fold the upper shoulder loop into sling and roll the upper portion of the sling into the space behind the client's back

Therapist two:

1. Locate the loop from under the patient's neck and pull towards you

Both therapists:

1. Pull slings towards themselves, removing creases
2. Complete the sling positioning, crossing leg loops between legs

Applying a sling to a client in a chair

1. Ask the client to lean forward in the chair
2. Place the sling behind the client
3. Ensure the bottom of the sling reaches the base of the spine and that the sling is positioned correctly
4. Put the leg straps under each leg one at a time

Hoisting from bed to chair

1. Lower the sling bar above the client's chest
2. Attach the sling to the bar,
3. Slowly raise the patient off the mattress
4. Move hoist so the client is over the chair
5. Place a hand on the sling bar whilst lowering the patient
6. Remove the sling from the bar and move the hoist away
7. Remove sling

Resources

• Manual Handling Assessment Charts
• Risk Assessment Tool for Pushing and Pulling
• Manual handling at work: A brief guide
• Getting to grips with hoisting people == A brief guide ==