Wound Assessment

Original Editor - Lucinda Hampton

Top Contributors - Lucinda hampton, Abbey Wright and Kim Jackson  

Introduction

A wound is damaged or disruption to the skin. Before treatment, the exact cause, location, and type of wound must be assessed to provide appropriate treatment.

Wound healing is a complex physiological process occurring after an injury in the cells and tissues of our bodies to restore function of the tissue.

The healing process is affected by:

• Severity of the wound
• Location,
• Extent of injury
• External and internal factors that will either inhibit or promote wound healing.

A health care provider must understand how to assess a wound, assess external and internal factors, and determine treatment to optimize the healing process.

Why Assess?

Wound assessment is performed to determine the appropriate treatment for an extremely diverse grouping of disease processes. Each of the underlying etiologies of the given wound must be identified and treated as if it were its own disease (not a blanket classification of "wound").

It is important for healthcare professionals to all assess wounds as it provides better care for the patient, however, specific training courses may be beneficial to provide the same standard of care.

While there are many excellent biologics, skin grafts, and other options available, without the appropriate understanding of the nature of the wound the chances of healing decline significantly.

Areas Of Concern

While some wounds are simple, the majority of wounds we encounter are caused by, or complicated by, some other issues:

• Chronicity: chronic wounds will have a different makeup than that of an acute wound, requiring conversion for healing.
• Infection: an underlying infection will prevent wound healing even if the infection is subacute.
• Blood supply: damaged or constricted arterial supply will prevent appropriate blood flow to the wound. Equally damaged venous supply will cause venous stasis.
• Compression: Physical pressure on chronic ulceration will cause repeated damage and prevent healing.

Types of Wounds

Wounds are initially classified as:

1. Acute: healing occurs in a short time frame without complications. Such as a surgical incision or a traumatic wound (stab or gunshot are common examples).
2. Chronic: healing occurs over weeks to years, and treatment is usually complex. Such as venous and arterial ulcers, diabetic ulcers, and pressure ulcers.

Wounds can further be categorised by type or cause.

The table below lists the six main types of wounds:

Surgical		Purposeful incision, done in sterile conditions. Healing occurs by primary, secondary, or tertiary intention.
Traumatic		Non-purposeful incisions, not done in sterile conditions. E.g. gunshot wounds, stab wounds, accidental cuts. These wounds may be start off as acute but could become chronic if not treated.
Diabetic/neuropathic ulcer		These wounds generally occur as a result of damage to the autonomic, sensory, or motor nerves and have an arterial perfusion deficit. They are usually located in the lower extremity on the foot. Diabetic/neuropathic ulcers are often small with a calloused edge. Pain may be absent or severe depending on the neuropathy.
Arterial ulcer		Arterial ulcers occur when tissue ischemia occurs due to arterial insufficiency from the narrowing of an artery by an obstruction (atherosclerosis). They are located on the distal aspects of the arterial circulation, and can be anywhere on the legs, including feet or toes. Wound margins are well defined with a pale wound bed with little or no granulation. Necrotic tissue is often present. There is minimal to no exudate present. Pedal pulses are usually absent or diminished. Pain occurs in limb at rest, at night, or when limb is elevated. Account for 5% to 20% of all leg ulcers. Perfusion must be assessed prior to initiating treatment.
Venous ulcer		Lower extremity wound. Tissue ischemia occurs due to the failure of the venous valve function to return blood from the lower extremities to the heart. It is usually located in the ankle to mid-calf region, usually medial or lateral, and can be circumferential. Drainage can be moderate to heavy. A venous ulcer can be irregularly shaped, large, and shallow with generalized edema to lower limbs. Pulse may be difficult to palpate. Account for 70% to 90% of all leg ulcers. Perfusion must be assessed prior to initiating treatment.
Pressure ulcer		Localized area of tissue damage that results from compression of soft tissue between a hard surface and a bony prominence (coccyx, ankle, shoulder blade, or hip). As blood supply decreases to the area of compression, tissue anoxia occurs, which can lead to eventual tissue death. Wounds are usually circular and may have viable or necrotic tissue, and exudate can vary from none to heavy. Pressure ulcers are classified depending on the level of tissue damage (stages 1 to 4). Treatment is based on stage, exudate, type of available dressing, and frequency of dressing changes.

Wound Assessment

A holistic assessment of the patient is essential to identify the causative or contributory factors and to highlight issues that could delay wound healing. The following factors must be considered when choosing an appropriate plan of care.

These factors above will either delay or promote the wound healing process. Successful wound healing is dependent on the patient’s ability to heal, not the dressing used.

Should include a comprehensive:

General Information	Subjective History	Past medical History	Objective Assessment
Age	Patient history of the wound	History of previous wounds	Identify the location of the wound
Medication and allergies	Determine the cause of the wound	Other diseases such as Diabetes Vascular diseases Immune systems that are compromised	Condition of the wound bed and peri wound area
	Pain	Obesity	Amount, colour, and consistency of exudate as well as signs of infection.
		Nutritional status and fluid intake	Determine the stage of the wound Stage I: Superficial involving only the epidermal layer Stage II: Partial-thickness affects the epidermis, and may extend into the dermis Stage III: Full-thickness extends through the dermis and into the adipose tissues Stage IV: Full-thickness extends through the dermis, and adipose exposing muscle or bone
		Smoking/alcohol	Evaluate and measure the depth, length, and width of the wound
		Mobility level	Measure the amount of undermining and tunnelling
		Pressure sore risk	Evaluate the wound bed
		Skin sensitivity and integrity	Assess for presents, type, and amount of exudate: Serous, serosanguineous, sanguineous, or purulent Minimal, light, moderate, or heavy
		Continence	Evaluate for signs and symptoms of infection (warm, pain, odour, delayed healing)
		Oxygen deficit/anaemia

Most chronic wounds are complex and best managed by an interprofessional team that includes a wound care nurse, general and vascular surgeon, hyperbaric specialist, infectious disease consultant, dietitian, and physical therapist. The key is to first find out the cause of wound breakdown. Without resolving the primary cause, wounds cannot heal.

Physiotherapy considerations

When considering patients with any type of wound, from chronic to acute, it is important for physiotherapists to consider the impact the wound may have on the patient's mobility, pain and range of movement of the area where the wound is.

In acute wounds such as TKR or THR these are elective and will most likely heal quickly, however, pain can be generated from the wound especially in the first few days post-op. In a small cohort of patients these wounds can become infected, which can lead to longer term mobility issues and feeling generally unwell which could also lead to more bed rest, and overall increase the risk of post-op complications. With this in mind some steps to improve healing can be done which can lead to reduced risk of infection and better functional outcomes post op such as compression bandages.

In chronic wounds such as venous leg ulceration, mobility is likely to be reduced, therefore we need to consider additional care for them such as walking aids, more intense physiotherapy and MDT wound management. This cohort of patients are also more likely to have additional past medical history issues, so this should be considered when assessing them.

Conclusion

Accurate wound assessment is vital to give a successful resolution and uncomplicated wound healing. It provides valuable information to enable informed decisions about a patient and their wound.In relation to physiotherapy it is necessary to understand the impact wounds can have on the patient in regards to pain, mobility and movement of the affected joints, along with the phycological impact wounds can have on motivation and self-image.