Stroke:Case Study Section 2

Introduction[edit | edit source]

This case study forms part of the Stroke Course

History of Presenting Condition
[edit | edit source]

Michael is a 61 year old Senior Partner in a Law Firm. While eating breakfast Michael experienced sudden onset slurring of speech, had facial droop on his left hand side with weakness in left side upper and lower limbs. Michael's wife Mary spotted these sudden onset of symptoms and immediately called for an ambulance, which arrived within 15 mins.

Past Medical History
[edit | edit source]

Asthma - Dx Aged 8

Hypertension Grade 1 - Dx 5 years ago

Prediabetes - Dx 3 years ago

Medication History[edit | edit source]

Seretide Accuhaler

Ventolin (As Required - Not Required for over 1 Year)

Thiazide

Social History[edit | edit source]

61 Year Old Senior Partner at a Law Firm, recently reduced working hours 20 - 30 hours per week, previously worked 50 - 60 Hours

Planning on retirement in 1 - 2 years

Lives in a Bungalow with his wife Mary, who is a recently Retired Teacher.

2 Adult Children, both married with their own children - 1 lives close by, the other lives overseas.

Lifestyle Changes implmented over past 2 - 3 Years foloowing Dx Prediabetes.

Outside work he enjoys golf, usually playing at least 2-3 per week. Also enjoys playing Bridge with Friends.

Took up walking 3 Years ago following Dx Prediabetes. Walks 5 - 6 days per week for between 30 - 45 mins

Ex-Smoker - Hx Smoking 30 Years x 10 - 15/day - Quit 3 Years ago following Dx Prediabetes

Social Beer Drinker 10 - 15 Standard Drinks per week with 3 - 4 per session, although sometimes after Golf may be more.

Pre-Hospital Assessment
[edit | edit source]

Vitals:

  • BP 140/90 mmHg
  • Pulse 75

Physical Exam:

FAST +ve

  • Left Facial Droop
  • Left Motor Weakness: Upper Limb 0/5, Lower Limb 2/5
  • Slurred Speech 

Pre Hospital Assessment Scale:

Los Angeles Prehospital Stroke Screen (LAPSS) & Los Angeles Motor Scale (LAMS)

Criteria Yes No Unknown

1. Age greater than 45 years 

  Yes    

2. History of Seizures or Epilepsy 

    No  

3. Onset of Neurological Symptoms is less than 24 hours 

  Yes    

4. Patient was Ambulatory prior to onset of symptoms 

  Yes    

5. Blood Glucose between 60 and 400 mg/dl

  Yes

125mg/dl


 

6. Motor Exam: Examine for Motor Asymmetry

    Based on Exam below, patient has Unilateral 'Weakness:

  Yes  
  Equal Right Left LAMS SCORE
Facial Smile / Grimace  
Droop 1
Grip Strength  


No Grip

2
 Arm Srength  


Falls Rapidly

2
5

Acute Hospital Assessment[edit | edit source]

Vitals:

  • BP 145/90 mmHg
  • Pulse 82

Physical Exam:

  • Confusion
  • Left Facial Droop
  • Slurred Speech 
  • Left Motor Weakness Upper Limb 0/5, Lower Limb 2/5
  • Decreased Tone
  • Altered Sensation
  • Mild Left Sided Neglect

Acute Assessment Scale:

NIH Stroke Scale: 19

Test Elements On Admission 12 Hours post tPA 24 Hours post tPA
Level Of Consciousness 1 0 0
LOC Questions 2 1 0
LOC Commands 1 1 0
Best Gaze 1 1 1
Visual Field Testing 1 1 1
Facial Palsy 2 2 1
Motor Function Arm Right 0 0 0
Motor Function Arm Left 4 3 2
Motor Function Right Leg 0 0 0
Motor Function Left Leg 2 2 1
Limb Ataxia 0 0 0
Sensory 1 1 1
Aphasia 1 1 0
Dysarthria 2 1 1
Extinction & Inattention 1 1 1
Total Score 19 15 9

Investigations
[edit | edit source]

Labs:

  • INR 1.2

CT:

  • Hyperdensity in the M1 Segment of the Right Middle Cerebral Artery, with no other signs suggestive of an Ischemic Stroke noted.
    Provisional diagnosis of Acute Ischemic Stroke secondary to occlusion of the M1 was made
    Patient was treated with intravenous Tissue Plasminogen Activator (tPA) at 1 h 54 min after symptom onset

MRI:

  • Multimodal MRI Scan completed at 3 h 09 min after symptom onset demonstrated Ischemic Changes confined predominantly to the Right Middle Cerebral Artery
  • Perfusion-weighted MRI showed larger perfusion abnormality, indicating presence of a substantial volume of potentially salvageable penumbral tissue.
  • Time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography showed a loss of signal in the Right Internal Carotid Artery and Middle Cerebral Artery.

Cerebral Angiography

  • Cerebral angiogram performed post MRI demonstrated Occlusive Thrombus extending from the Right Internal Carotid Artery Origin through the Right Middle Cerebral Artery Trunk.
  • Recanalization was attempted by Endovascular Thrombectomy performed 4 h 19 min after symptom onset

Medical Management
[edit | edit source]

Thrombolysis & Endovascular Mechanical Thrombectomy:

  • Discussed with Family & Patient
  • tPA Prescribed and Initiated within 1hr 54mins After Onset Symptoms
  • Endovascualr Thrombectomy Initiated at 3hr 

Stroke Unit:

  • Admitted to Acute Stroke Unit
  • 24 Hour Monitoring
  • MDT Referral Received within 24 Hours - OT, SLT & PT

Physiotherapy Objective[edit | edit source]

Physiotherapy Management[edit | edit source]