Lachman Test: Difference between revisions
Evan Thomas (talk | contribs) mNo edit summary |
Ammar Suhail (talk | contribs) No edit summary |
||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
<div class="editorbox"> | <div class="editorbox"> | ||
<p><b>Original Editor </b>- <a href="User:Rachael Lowe">Rachael Lowe</a> | |||
</p><p><b>Top Contributors</b> - <span class="fck_mw_template">{{Special:Contributors/{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}</span> <a href="User:Alistair James">Alistair James</a> | |||
</p> | |||
</div> | </div> | ||
<h2> Purpose </h2> | |||
<p>The Lachman test is a passive accessory movement test of the knee performed to identify the integrity of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). The test is designed to assess single and sagittal plane instability. | |||
</p> | |||
The Lachman test is a passive accessory movement test of the knee performed to identify the integrity of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). The test is designed to assess single and sagittal plane instability. | <table cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="60%" border="0" align="center"> | ||
== Technique == | <tr> | ||
<td> <img src="/images/thumb/d/da/Knee_ligaments.png/250px-Knee_ligaments.png" _fck_mw_filename="Knee ligaments.png" _fck_mw_location="center" _fck_mw_width="250" _fck_mw_type="thumb" alt="Knee Ligaments including ACL" class="fck_mw_frame fck_mw_center" /> | |||
</td><td> <img src="/images/9/91/Lat.meniscus.gif" _fck_mw_filename="Lat.meniscus.gif" _fck_mw_location="center" _fck_mw_width="300" _fck_mw_type="thumb" alt="ACL from Above" class="fck_mw_frame fck_mw_center" /> | |||
</td></tr></table> | |||
<h2> Technique </h2> | |||
<p>Lie the patient supine on the bed. Place the patient's knee in about 20-30 degrees flexion. According to Bates' Guide to Physical Examination, the leg should also be externally rotated slightly. The examiner should place one hand behind the tibia and the other on the patient's thigh. It is important that the examiner's thumb be on the tibial tuberosity. On pulling the tibia anteriorly, an intact ACL should prevent forward translational movement of the tibia on the femur ("firm end-feel"). | |||
</p><p>Anterior translation of the tibia associated with a soft or a mushy end-feel indicates a positive test. More than about 2mm of anterior translation compared to the uninvolved knee suggests a torn ACL ("soft end-feel"), as does 10mm of total anterior translation. An instrument called a "KT-1000" can be used to determine the magnitude of movement in millimeters. | |||
</p> | |||
<table cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="100%"> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td> <span class="fck_mw_template">{{#ev:youtube|bHytLhg-1vM|300}}</span><span class="fck_mw_ref" _fck_mw_customtag="true" _fck_mw_tagname="ref">Scott Holmes and Eric Sorenson, Lachmans Test, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bHytLhg-1vM, online video, last accessed 30 November 2009</span> | |||
</td><td> <span class="fck_mw_template">{{#ev:youtube|_5WyoDY31Fc|300}}</span><span class="fck_mw_ref" _fck_mw_customtag="true" _fck_mw_tagname="ref">Ithaca College, Lachman Test, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_5WyoDY31Fc, online video, last accessed 30 November 2009</span> | |||
</td></tr></table> | |||
<h2> Evidence </h2> | |||
<p>Katz and Fingeroth <span class="fck_mw_ref" _fck_mw_customtag="true" _fck_mw_tagname="ref" name="Katz and Fingeroth">Katz JW, Fingeroth RJ. The diagnostic accuracy of ruptures of the anterior cruciate ligament comparing the Lachman test, the anterior drawer sign, and the pivot shift test in acute and chronic knee injuries. The American Journal of Sports Medicine 1986;14:88-91. http://ajs.sagepub.com/content/14/1/88.short (accessed 18 July 2013)</span> reported that the Lachman test has a diagnostic accuracy of acute ACL ruptures (within 2 weeks of examination) of 77.7% sensitivity and >95% specificity. This study reported the diagnostic accuracy of subacute/chronic ACL ruptures (more than 2 weeks before examination) as having an 84.6% sensitivity and >95% specificity. It is important to note that in this study all examinations were performed under anesthesia, and therefore the diagnostic accuracy in physiotherapy clinical practice may be less. | |||
</p><p>Other special tests with the purpose of diagnosing ruptures of the ACL by testing its integrity include: <a href="http://www.physio-pedia.com/Anterior_Draw_of_the_Knee">the knee anterior drawer test</a> and <a href="http://www.physio-pedia.com/Pivot_Shift">the pivot shift test</a>. | |||
</p> | |||
<h2> Recent Related Research (from <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/">Pubmed</a>) </h2> | |||
Katz and Fingeroth <ref name="Katz and Fingeroth">Katz JW, Fingeroth RJ. The diagnostic accuracy of ruptures of the anterior cruciate ligament comparing the Lachman test, the anterior drawer sign, and the pivot shift test in acute and chronic knee injuries. The American Journal of Sports Medicine 1986;14:88-91. http://ajs.sagepub.com/content/14/1/88.short (accessed 18 July 2013)</ | |||
Other special tests with the purpose of diagnosing ruptures of the ACL by testing its integrity include: | |||
<div class="researchbox"> | <div class="researchbox"> | ||
<rss>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/erss.cgi?rss_guid=10e_NYhWNV0F1Gmt_EJaxVQOqMrri_yskl34wkhwO30ysnq9A-|charset=UTF-8|short|max=10</ | <p><span class="fck_mw_special" _fck_mw_customtag="true" _fck_mw_tagname="rss">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/erss.cgi?rss_guid=10e_NYhWNV0F1Gmt_EJaxVQOqMrri_yskl34wkhwO30ysnq9A-|charset=UTF-8|short|max=10</span> | ||
</p> | |||
</div> | </div> | ||
<h2> References </h2> | |||
== | <p><span class="fck_mw_references" _fck_mw_customtag="true" _fck_mw_tagname="references" /> | ||
</p><p><br /> | |||
< | </p><a _fcknotitle="true" href="Category:Assessment">Assessment</a> <a _fcknotitle="true" href="Category:Special_Tests">Special_Tests</a> <a _fcknotitle="true" href="Category:Knee">Knee</a> <a _fcknotitle="true" href="Category:Knee_Examination">Knee_Examination</a> <a _fcknotitle="true" href="Category:Ligaments">Ligaments</a> <a _fcknotitle="true" href="Category:Musculoskeletal/Orthopaedics">Musculoskeletal/Orthopaedics</a> | ||
<br> | |||
Revision as of 07:00, 3 September 2016
Original Editor - <a href="User:Rachael Lowe">Rachael Lowe</a>
Top Contributors - Admin, Evan Thomas, Ahmed Essam, David Adamson, Rachael Lowe, Kim Jackson, Tony Lowe, Laura Ritchie, Alistair James, Ammar Suhail, WikiSysop, Jonathan Wong, Kai A. Sigel and Wanda van Niekerk <a href="User:Alistair James">Alistair James</a>
Purpose
The Lachman test is a passive accessory movement test of the knee performed to identify the integrity of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). The test is designed to assess single and sagittal plane instability.
| <img src="/images/thumb/d/da/Knee_ligaments.png/250px-Knee_ligaments.png" _fck_mw_filename="Knee ligaments.png" _fck_mw_location="center" _fck_mw_width="250" _fck_mw_type="thumb" alt="Knee Ligaments including ACL" class="fck_mw_frame fck_mw_center" /> | <img src="/images/9/91/Lat.meniscus.gif" _fck_mw_filename="Lat.meniscus.gif" _fck_mw_location="center" _fck_mw_width="300" _fck_mw_type="thumb" alt="ACL from Above" class="fck_mw_frame fck_mw_center" /> |
Technique
Lie the patient supine on the bed. Place the patient's knee in about 20-30 degrees flexion. According to Bates' Guide to Physical Examination, the leg should also be externally rotated slightly. The examiner should place one hand behind the tibia and the other on the patient's thigh. It is important that the examiner's thumb be on the tibial tuberosity. On pulling the tibia anteriorly, an intact ACL should prevent forward translational movement of the tibia on the femur ("firm end-feel").
Anterior translation of the tibia associated with a soft or a mushy end-feel indicates a positive test. More than about 2mm of anterior translation compared to the uninvolved knee suggests a torn ACL ("soft end-feel"), as does 10mm of total anterior translation. An instrument called a "KT-1000" can be used to determine the magnitude of movement in millimeters.
| Scott Holmes and Eric Sorenson, Lachmans Test, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bHytLhg-1vM, online video, last accessed 30 November 2009 | Ithaca College, Lachman Test, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_5WyoDY31Fc, online video, last accessed 30 November 2009 |
Evidence
Katz and Fingeroth Katz JW, Fingeroth RJ. The diagnostic accuracy of ruptures of the anterior cruciate ligament comparing the Lachman test, the anterior drawer sign, and the pivot shift test in acute and chronic knee injuries. The American Journal of Sports Medicine 1986;14:88-91. http://ajs.sagepub.com/content/14/1/88.short (accessed 18 July 2013) reported that the Lachman test has a diagnostic accuracy of acute ACL ruptures (within 2 weeks of examination) of 77.7% sensitivity and >95% specificity. This study reported the diagnostic accuracy of subacute/chronic ACL ruptures (more than 2 weeks before examination) as having an 84.6% sensitivity and >95% specificity. It is important to note that in this study all examinations were performed under anesthesia, and therefore the diagnostic accuracy in physiotherapy clinical practice may be less.
Other special tests with the purpose of diagnosing ruptures of the ACL by testing its integrity include: <a href="http://www.physio-pedia.com/Anterior_Draw_of_the_Knee">the knee anterior drawer test</a> and <a href="http://www.physio-pedia.com/Pivot_Shift">the pivot shift test</a>.
Recent Related Research (from <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/">Pubmed</a>)
References
<a _fcknotitle="true" href="Category:Assessment">Assessment</a> <a _fcknotitle="true" href="Category:Special_Tests">Special_Tests</a> <a _fcknotitle="true" href="Category:Knee">Knee</a> <a _fcknotitle="true" href="Category:Knee_Examination">Knee_Examination</a> <a _fcknotitle="true" href="Category:Ligaments">Ligaments</a> <a _fcknotitle="true" href="Category:Musculoskeletal/Orthopaedics">Musculoskeletal/Orthopaedics</a>
