Female Athlete Triad: Difference between revisions

No edit summary
No edit summary
Line 119: Line 119:


== Recent Related Research (from Pubmed)  ==
== Recent Related Research (from Pubmed)  ==
<div class="researchbox"><span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/erss.cgi?rss_guid=1bMp6-Tj_k-Tp3SHckuSwmk295VvEN0Zoxm7MyTLE-v7rkPM-e|charset=UTF-8|short|max=10</span></div>  
<div class="researchbox"><span>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/erss.cgi?rss_guid=1bMp6-Tj_k-Tp3SHckuSwmk295VvEN0Zoxm7MyTLE-v7rkPM-e|charset=UTF-8|short|max=10</span></div>
= References  =
 
&lt;span class="fck_mw_references" _fck_mw_customtag="true" _fck_mw_tagname="references" /&gt;<br>
 
&lt;a _fcknotitle="true" href="Category:Womens_Health"&gt;Womens_Health&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a _fcknotitle="true" href="Category:Sports_Medicine"&gt;Sports_Medicine&lt;/a&gt;

Revision as of 22:13, 2 April 2017

Welcome to PT 635 Pathophysiology of Complex Patient Problems This is a wiki created by and for the students in the School of Physical Therapy at Bellarmine University in Louisville KY. Please do not edit unless you are involved in this project, but please come back in the near future to check out new information!!

Definition/Description[edit | edit source]

Female Athlete Triad is a syndrome that evolves from the interrelationships among energy availability, bone mineral density, and menstrual function. The clinical manifestations include eating disorders, functional hypothalamic amenorrhea, and osteoporosis. Not all clinical signs must be present to diagnose Female Athlete Triad. (22)
Female Athlete Triad commonly occurs in adolescent or highly competitive female athletes. This syndrome is most common in Adolescent athletes largely due to their skeletal immaturity and naturally low Bone Mineral Density (BMD) being more susceptible to physical and metabolic stressors.
Energy Availability, Decreased Bone Density, and Amenorrhea.
All coaching staff members of high level and high school women’s sports teams should be highly aware of signs of this disease in order to manage the health of their players. (17) It is also recommended that all female athletes are screened for Female Athlete Triad on a yearly basis. (09)
Early signs of the Female Athlete Triad include weight changes, repeated fractures, and decreased energy.
Longterm effects of Female Athlete Triad include low peak BMD, Osteoporosis, Thoughts of suicide during longterm disease process, and kidney and liver dysfunction. (09)

Prevalence[edit | edit source]

Due to inconsistencies and limitations in criteria defining Female Athlete Triad, study methodology, and experimental design there is an evident discrepancy in the literature when determining the prevalence of the triad. The chances of all three conditions of the triad presenting simultaneously are low, ranging from 0% to 16%. The odds of two conditions presenting at the same time range from 3% to 27%. Generally, most common to just have one of the conditions present with the odds ranging from 16% to 60%. (12)

SInce a diagnosis for Female Athlete Triad is possible without having all three components of the triad, it is possible for sedentary and normally active females to be diagnosed with the syndrome at rates that are only slightly less than competitive female athletes. (19)(23)

Characteristics/Clinical Presentation[edit | edit source]

add text here

Associated Co-morbidities[edit | edit source]

add text here

Medications[edit | edit source]

add text here

Diagnostic Tests/Lab Tests/Lab Values[edit | edit source]

add text here

Etiology/Causes[edit | edit source]

add text here

Systemic Involvement[edit | edit source]

add text here

Medical Management (current best evidence)[edit | edit source]

add text here

Physical Therapy Management (current best evidence)[edit | edit source]

add text here

Differential Diagnosis[edit | edit source]

add text here

Case Reports/ Case Studies[edit | edit source]

add links to case studies here (case studies should be added on new pages using the case study template)

Resources
[edit | edit source]

add appropriate resources here

Recent Related Research (from Pubmed)[edit | edit source]

see tutorial on Adding PubMed Feed

Extension:RSS -- Error: Not a valid URL: addfeedhere|charset=UTF-8|short|max=10

References[edit | edit source]

see adding references tutorial.


Original Editor <a href="User:Aarti Sareen">Aarti Sareen</a>

Top Contributors - <img class="FCK__MWTemplate" src="http://www.physio-pedia.com/extensions/FCKeditor/fckeditor/editor/images/spacer.gif" _fckfakelement="true" _fckrealelement="18" _fck_mw_template="true">


Epidemiology[edit | edit source]

The female athlete triad, though more common in the athletic population, can also occur in the nonathletic population.All female athletes are at risk for the female athlete triad or any of its components, sports that have an aesthetic component e.g.in ballet, figure skating, or gymnastics or are tied to a weight class (eg, tae kwon do, judo, or wrestling) have a higher prevalence of affected female athletes[1][2][3].Weight class sports associated with disordered eating, in athlets including males are,wresting,rowing.

Pathophysiology[edit | edit source]

The pathophysiology behind every triad is as follows:

Disordered eating[edit | edit source]

Eating disorders are characterized by a serious disturbance in eating, such as restriction of intake or bingeing, as well as excessive concern about body shape or weight. The term disordered eating itself was coined to include pathologic eating behaviors that do not meet the strict Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) requirements for anorexia or bulimia; thus, it includes, but is not limited to, anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa.These eating behaviours lead to negative energy balance and reduce energy avalibility. For more information on Anorexia nervosa <a href="http://www.physio-pedia.com/Anorexia_Nervosa">click here</a> and for Bulimia Nervosa<a href="http://www.physio-pedia.com/Bulimia_Nervosa">click here</a>

Menstrual Dysfunction
[edit | edit source]

This includes includes luteal suppression, anovulation, oligomenorrhea, secondary amenorrhea and delayed menarche.

In luteal suppression have luteal phase and a prolonged follicular phase in which estradiol levels decrease. The cycle length usually does not change; the athlete will continue to ovulate—although it may be later in the cycle—and usually has regular menstruation.Anovulation is marked by low levels of estradiol and progesterone, which deter follicular development, as well as by an absence of ovulation.Amenorrhea usually refers to secondary amenorrhea, though delayed menarche/primary amenorrhea can occur in young athletes. By consensus, secondary amenorrhea is defined as the “absence of menstrual cycles lasting more than 3 months after menarche has occurred.”Oligomenorrhea is defined as “greater than 35 days between cycles.”

Signs & Symptoms[edit | edit source]

If a girl has risk factors for female athlete triad, she may already be experiencing some symptoms and signs of the disorder, such as:

  • weight loss
  • no periods or irregular periods
  • fatigue and decreased ability to concentrate
  • stress fractures (fractures that occur even if a person hasn't had a significant injury)
  • other injuries

Girls with female athlete triad often have signs and symptoms of eating disorders, such as:

  • continued dieting in spite of weight loss
  • preoccupation with food and weight
  • frequent trips to the bathroom during and after meals
  • using laxatives
  • brittle hair or nails
  • dental cavities because in girls with bulimia tooth enamel is worn away by frequent vomiting
  • sensitivity to cold
  • low heart rate and blood pressure
  • heart irregularities and chest pain


[edit | edit source]

http://www.femaleathletetriad.org/

Recent Related Research (from Pubmed)[edit | edit source]

  1. Nattiv A, Loucks AB, Manore MM, et al. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. The female athlete triad. Med Sci Sports Exerc. Oct 2007;39(10):1867-82.
  2. Rosen LW, Hough DO. Pathogenic weight-control behavior of female college gymnasts. Phys Sportsmed. 1988;16(9):141-6.
  3. Kiernan M, Rodin J, Brownell KD, Wilmore JH, Crandall C. Relation of level of exercise, age, and weight-cycling history to weight and eating concerns in male and female runners. Health Psychol. 1992;11(6):418-21.