Parkinson's Pharmacotherapy

Introduction[edit | edit source]

Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects motor function. This disease has become an epidemic, affecting approximately 1 percent of individuals over the age of 65 years old [1]. It is caused by decreased dopamine production in the basal ganglia due to degeneration of dopamine-secreting neurons [2],[3]. Initially, PD sufferers may be asymptomatic with the first clinical symptoms appearing after 60% of the dopaminergic neurons have degenerated in the substantia nigra [4]. Cardinal symptoms of Parkinson disease include bradykinesia, akinesia, rigidity, and resting tremors [2],[5]. The exact cause of PD is unknown; however, contributing factors to may include trauma, infection, cortical degeneration, antipsychotic drugs and cerebrovascular disease [6][7][8][9]. If PD goes untreated, total incapacitation will occur due to uncontrolled motor problems. This is why it is extremely important for PD patients to be prescribed the proper drug regimen.

Epidemiology of Parkinson's Disease[edit | edit source]

Levodopa in the treatment of Parkinson's Disease[edit | edit source]

Anticholinergic Drugs in the treatment of Parkinson's Disease[edit | edit source]

MAO-B inhibitors in the treatment of Parkinson's Disease[edit | edit source]

Dopamine Agonist Drugs in the treatment of Parkinson's Disease[edit | edit source]

Physical Therapy Implications for Parkinson's Disease Drugs[edit | edit source]

Conclusion[edit | edit source]

References

  1. ↑ Harris PE ,C. K. Prevalence of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) used by the general population: a systematic review and update. NCBI. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22994327. October, 2012. Accessed November 5, 2018.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Chen JJ, Nelson MV, Swope DM. Parkinson’s disease. DiPiro JT, Et al, eds. Pharmacotherapy: A Pathophysiologic Approach. 8th ed. New York: Mcgraw-Hill. 2011.
  3. ↑ Parent M, Parent A. Substantia nigra and Parkinson's disease: a brief history of their long and intimate relationship. NCBI. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20481265. May, 2010. Accessed November 5, 2018.
  4. ↑ Lecht, S., Haroutiunian, S., Hoffman, A., & Lazarovici, P. Rasagiline – A Novel MAO B Inhibitor in Parkinson’s Disease Therapy. NCBI. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2386362/. June, 2007. Accessed November 5, 2018.
  5. ↑ Garcia Ruiz PJ, Catalan MJ, Fernandez Carril JM. Initial motor symptoms of Parkinson disease. NCBI. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22045320. November 17, 2011. Accessed November 5, 2018.
  6. ↑ Gelabert-Gonzalez M, Serramito-Garcia R, Aran-Echabe E. Parkinsonism secondary to subdural haematoma. NCBI. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22527627. July, 2012. Accessed November 5, 2018.
  7. ↑ Gupta D Kuruvilla. Vascular parkinsonism: what makes it different? NCBI. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22121251. December, 2011. Accessed November 5, 2018.
  8. ↑ Lopez-Sedon JL, Mena MA, de Yebenes JG. Drug-induced parkinsonism in the elderly: incidence, management and prevention. NCBI. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22250585. February, 2012. Accessed November 5, 2018.
  9. ↑ Mazokopakis EE, Koutras A, Starakis I, Panos G. Pathogens and chronic or long-term neurologic disorders. NCBI. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21446901. March, 2011. Accessed November 5, 2018.
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