Digastric Muscle: Difference between revisions

mNo edit summary
mNo edit summary
Line 1: Line 1:
<div class="editorbox">
<div class="editorbox">
'''Original Editor '''- [[User:Daphne Jackson|Daphne Jackson]]
'''Original Editor '''-&nbsp;


'''Lead Editors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}  
'''Lead Editors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}  
</div>  
</div>  
== Description  ==
== Description  ==
The trapezius is a broad, flat, superficial muscle extending from the cervical to thoracic region on the posterior aspect of the neck and trunk. The muscle is divided into three parts: descending (superior), ascending (inferior), and middle<ref name="Moore">Moore KL, et al. Essential clinical anatomy. 4th ed. Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2011.</ref>. The muscle contributes to [[Scapulohumeral Rhythm|scapulohumeral rhythm]] through attachments on the clavicle and [[Scapula|scapula]], and to head balance through muscular control of the cervical spine.
<br>
{| width="100%" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" align="center"
|-
| [[Image:Trapezius Gray.PNG|center|200px]]
| [[Image:Trapezius animation.gif|center|300px]]
|}


<br>  
<br>  
Line 20: Line 10:
== Origin  ==
== Origin  ==


The muscle attaches to the medial third of superior nuchal line; external occipital protruberance, [[Ligamentum nuchae|nuchal ligament]], and spinous processes of C7 - T12 vertebrae<ref name="UW">Department of Radiology, UW Medicine. Trapezius. www.rad.washington.edu/academics/academic-sections/msk/muscle-atlas/upper-body/trapezius (accessed 27 January 2014).</ref>.
<br>


== Insertion  ==
== Insertion  ==


The muscle inserts on the lateral third of clavicle, acromion, and spine of scapula<ref name="UW" />.
<br>
 
== Nerve Supply  ==


*Spinal root of accessory nerve (CN XI) (motor)<ref name="UW" />
== Nerve Supply<br> ==
*Cervical nerves (C3 and C4) (pain and proprioception)<ref name="UW" />


== Blood Supply  ==
== Blood Supply  ==


Transverse cervical artery (cervicodorsal trunk)<ref name="UW" /><ref name="Moore" />  
<br>


= Function  =
= Function  =


The superficial muscles of the back (trapezius, latissimus dorsi, rhomboids, levator scapula, serratus anterior) contribute to extension and side flexion of the axial skeleton. The cervical extensor muscles (descending trapezius and cervical erector spinae) counterbalance the pull of gravity on the head, as the head tends to be pulled into flexion due to its anterior centre of gravity<ref name="kisner">Kisner C, Colby LA. Therapeutic exercise: foundations and techniques. 6th ed. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis Company, 2012</ref>  
<br>


== Action  ==
== Action  ==


*Descending part: elevates pectoral girdle<ref name="Moore" />
<br>  
*Middle part: retracts scapula<ref name="Moore" />
*Ascending part: depresses shoulders<ref name="Moore" />
*Descending and ascending together: rotates scapula upwards<ref name="Moore" />
*Bilateral contraction: extends neck<ref name="Neumann">Neumann DA. Kinesiology of the musculoskletal system: foundations for rehabilitation. 2nd ed. St. Louis, MO: Mosby Elsevier, 2010.</ref>
*Unilateral contraction:
**Ipsilateral side flexion of neck<ref name="Neumann" />
**Middle part: assists with ipsilateral side flexion and contralateral axial rotation of upper thoracic region<ref name="Neumann" /><br>


== functional contributation  ==
== functional contributation  ==


The trapezius muscle is a postural and active movement muscle, used to tilt and turn the head and neck, shrug, steady the shoulders, and twist the arms. The trapezius elevates, depresses, rotates, and retracts the scapula, or shoulder blade.<ref>http://www.healthline.com/human-body-maps/trapezius-muscle</ref>  
<br>


= Trigger Point Referral Pattern  =
= Trigger Point Referral Pattern  =


&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;[[Image:Trapezius1.jpg|130x130px]]&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;[[Image:Trap23.jpg|130x130px]]
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;


&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  


&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;[[Image:Trap4567.jpg|200x200px]][[Image:Trap4567.jpg|200x200px]]
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;


= Techniques  =
= Techniques  =
Line 66: Line 46:
== Palpation  ==
== Palpation  ==


superficial, can palpate upper, middle and lower<br>Upper is frequently involved in neck injuries<br>Hold the sloping superior lateral portion between fingers and thumb and palpate from<br>origin (O) toward the clavicle/acromion and its insertion (I)<br>With patient (pt.) standing: abduct shoulders to 90 degrees and retract shoulder girdle.<br>Slightly bend the trunk forward so antigravity.<br>Upper can also be seen with elevation and lower with depression <ref>https://www.fgc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/palpation-of-muscles.pdf</ref>  
<br>


== Length tension testing  ==
== Length tension testing  ==


'''Patient:''' Positioned in supine lying with the arms resting by the side and the&nbsp;knees flexed.<br>'''Therapist:''' Standing at the head of the bed.<br>'''Action:''' The therapist supports the posterior aspect of the head with both&nbsp;hands and then passively flexes the craniovertebral joint. The right<br>hand stabilizes the lateral one third of the patient’s right clavicle and&nbsp;acromion palpating the muscle. The therapist then gently and&nbsp;slowly flexes, left side flexes and right rotates the mid and lower&nbsp;cervical spine with the left hand. The hand stabilizing and the hand&nbsp;moving the body part senses the tension in the muscle and barrier.&nbsp;The amount of range and the end feel is assessed and the&nbsp;reproduction of any symptoms is noted. This test is then repeated&nbsp;on the contralateral side and compared. <ref>http://activepotentialrehab.com/docs/pdf/sample_upperextremity11_21.pdf</ref>  
<br>


== Strength Testing  ==
== Strength Testing  ==


{{#ev:youtube|9tfVeIhlY-o}}<ref>Physiotutors. Trapezius Strength Test. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9tfVeIhlY-o </ref>  
<br>


== Treatment  ==
== Treatment  ==


'''Stretching'''
<br>
 
Sit upright in a chair and make sure that your posture is correct. These stretches can be done in repetitions of 15-20 every hour to decrease trapezius muscle pain. Begin by rolling the shoulders back so that the shoulder blades feel like they are being pinched together. Then raise your shoulders up towards the ceiling and lower them down gently. You can then bend your neck from side to side by tilting your head towards your shoulder and counting to 3, then repeating in each direction.
 
'''Massage'''
 
Pain in the shoulder and neck can be prevented or reduced with massage.It is possible to reduce trapezius muscle pain through self-massage. Reach back with one hand and find your trapezius muscle. Beginning at the base of the neck, try to knead the trapezius muscles.
 
'''Pressure'''<br>  


You can also apply some pressure to the area along your shoulders and between the shoulder blades. If there is an area that is more tender, apply pressure for ten seconds and then release so that the muscle can relax.<ref>http://www.ehow.com/about_5446034_trapezius-muscle-pain.html</ref>  
<br>


== Recent Related Research (from [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ Pubmed])  ==
== Recent Related Research (from [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ Pubmed])  ==

Revision as of 06:25, 11 May 2017

Description[edit | edit source]


Origin[edit | edit source]


Insertion[edit | edit source]


Nerve Supply
[edit | edit source]

Blood Supply[edit | edit source]


Function[edit | edit source]


Action[edit | edit source]


functional contributation[edit | edit source]


Trigger Point Referral Pattern[edit | edit source]

                                                                           

                                                         

                                             

Techniques[edit | edit source]

Palpation[edit | edit source]


Length tension testing[edit | edit source]


Strength Testing[edit | edit source]


Treatment[edit | edit source]



Recent Related Research (from Pubmed)[edit | edit source]

Failed to load RSS feed from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/erss.cgi?rss_guid=1bCr63ThlO2_EjapuTs-VVGCD3KOFO-M4fiVC5BoBJ1z-APsgV|charset=UTF-8|short|max=10: Error parsing XML for RSS

References[edit | edit source]