View source for Breast Cancer Patients - Musculoskeletal Problems Experienced

== Post-Mastectomy Pain Syndrome (PMPS) ==
Post-mastectomy pain syndrome (PMPS) is a neuropathic condition defined as pain located in the anterior surface of the chest, arm pit, [[shoulder]] or upper half of the arm that persists for longer than 3 months after surgery. The nature of PMPS is [[Inflammation Acute and Chronic|inflammatory]] and/or [[Neuropathic Pain|neuropathic pain]], possibly due to sensitization of peripheral nociceptors, neuroma formation and fibrotic [[Nerve Entrapment|entrapment]]. <ref>Yuksel SS, Chappell AG, Jackson BT, Wescott AB, Ellis MF. [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352587821000966?via%3Dihub "Post Mastectomy Pain Syndrome: A Systematic Review of Prevention Modalities".] JPRAS Open. 2021 Oct 30;31:32-49. </ref>

Treatments include physiotherapy, mindfulness-based [[Cognitive Behavioural Therapy|cognitive therapy]], oral medications, surgical intervention (fat grafting, neuroma or lymphedema surgery as required), anesthesia, nerve blocks and neurolysis, laser, neuromodulators and topical capsaicin. <ref>Chappell AG, Yuksel S, Sasson DC, Wescott AB, Connor LM, Ellis MF. [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S235258782100067X?via%3Dihub Post-Mastectomy Pain Syndrome: An Up-to-Date Review of Treatment Outcomes.] JPRAS Open. 2021 Aug 11;30:97-109.</ref>