Bone

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Introduction

Bones are connected to each other to form skeleton - the framework of living tissue that grows, repairs, and renews itself. Under the right conditions, bone tissue undergo a process of mineralization, formed by collagen matrix and hardened by deposited calcium. Bone tissue (osseous tissue) differs greatly from other tissues in the body. Bone is hard and many of its functions depend on that characteristic hardness.

Structure

Gross anatomy

A long bone has two parts: the diaphysis and the epiphysis. The diaphysis is the tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of the bone. The hollow region in the diaphysis is called the medullary cavity, which is filled with yellow marrow. The walls of the diaphysis are composed of dense and hard compact bone.

Individual bone structure

• Compact/cortical bone - makes up outer part of bone, rigid, dense, highly organised bone tissue
• Cancellous/spongy bone - makes up inner part of bone, more elastic and porous, storage of bone marrow

Cellular structure

• Osteoblasts - produce matrix (osteoid), build up bone tissue
• Osteoclasts - secretes acids and enzymes to breakdown bone tissue
• Osteocytes - maintain bone tissue by mineralising osteoid

Molecular structure

Matrix

• Inorganic
• Organic - Made up of 90-95% collagen fibres, giving bone its powerful tensile strength.

Functions

Mechanical

• Protect internal organs
• Give shape and support to the body
• Movement

Synthetic

• Manufactures blood cells from the bone marrow (hematopoiesis)

Metabolic

• Mineral storage
• Fat storage
• Role in acid-base balance

Remodelling

Purpose

• To allow bone to ordinarily adjust strength in proportion to the degree of bone stress. When subjected to heavy loads, bones will consequently thicken.
• To rearrange shape of bone for proper support of mechanical forces in accordance with stress patterns.
• To replace old bone which may be brittle/weak in order to maintain toughness of bone. New organic matrix is needed as the old organic matrix degenerates.

Calcium homeostasis/balance must exist between osteoclasts and osteoblasts activity

• If too much new tissue is formed, the bones become abnormally large and thick (acromegaly)
• Excessive loss of calcium weakens the bones, as occurs in osteoporosis

Disorders

• Osteoporosis
• Osteoarthritis
• Osteomalacia
• Rickets
• Epiphyseal plate disorders

References

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